Answer / rk

T&D Losses= (Energy Input to feeder(Kwh)-Billed Energy to Consumer(Kwh)) / Energy Input kwh x100
Distribution Sector considered as the weakest link in the entire power sector. Transmission Losses is approximate 17% while Distribution Losses is approximate 50%.
There are two types of Transmission and Distribution Losses
Technical Losses
Non Technical Losses (Commercial Losses)

Answer / abc

There typically two types of losses in line T&D.

1. Technical Losses

The technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors, equipment used for transmission line, transformer, subtransmission line and distribution line and magnetic losses in transformers.

Technical losses are normally 22.5%, and directly depend on the network characteristics and the mode of operation.

The major amount of losses in a power system is in primary and secondary distribution lines. While transmission and sub-transmission lines account for only about 30% of the total losses. Therefore the primary and secondary distribution systems must be properly planned to ensure within limits.

The unexpected load increase was reflected in the increase of technical losses above the normal level
Losses are inherent to the distribution of electricity and cannot be eliminated.
There are two Type of Technical Losses.


1. Permanent / Fixed Technical losses

Fixed losses do not vary according to current. These losses take the form of heat and noise and occur as long as a transformer is energized
Between 1/4 and 1/3 of technical losses on distribution networks are fixed losses. Fixed losses on a network can be influenced in the ways set out below
Corona Losses
Leakage Current Losses
Dielectric Losses
Open-circuit Losses
Losses caused by continuous load of measuring elements
Losses caused by continuous load of control elements

2. Variable Technical losses

Variable losses vary with the amount of electricity distributed and are, more precisely, proportional to the square of the current. Consequently, a 1% increase in current leads to an increase in losses of more than 1%.

Between 2/3 and 3/4 of technical (or physical) losses on distribution networks are variable Losses.
By increasing the cross sectional area of lines and cables for a given load, losses will fall. This leads to a direct trade-off between cost of losses and cost of capital expenditure. It has been suggested that optimal average utilization rate on a distribution network that considers the cost of losses in its design could be as low as 30 per cent.
Joule losses in lines in each voltage level
Impedance losses
Losses caused by contact resistance.

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