Question 94 - The resolution of separation, Rs for chromatography is given by the formula Rs = (difference in retention time) / (average width at the base). In a chromatogram, 3 peaks a, b and c are found. Average widths W at the bases of the solutes are : Wa = 20 s, Wb = 40 s, Wc = 30 s. Resolutions of separation, Rs for solutes b and c in comparison to a are 2 and 4 respectively. The differences in retention times T for b and c in comparison to a are (Tb - Ta) and (Tc - Ta), Ta = Tc - Tb : (a) Form 2 equations involving Rs as a function of Wa, Wb, Wc, Ta, Tb and Tc. (b) Find the values of Ta, Tb and Tc.
Answer 94 - Reference formula Rs = (difference in retention time) / (average width at the base) is used. (a) First equation : Rs = (Tb - Ta) / [ (Wa + Wb) / 2 ] = 2 (Tb - Ta) / (Wa + Wb). Second equation : Rs = (Tc - Ta) / [ (Wa + Wc) / 2 ] = 2 (Tc - Ta) / (Wa + Wc). (b) Substitute Ta = Tc - Tb, Wa = 20 s, Wb = 40 s and Wc = 30 s into first equation and second equation. First equation : Rs = 2 = 2 [ Tb - (Tc - Tb) ] / (20 + 40) = (2 Tb - Tc) / 30, 2 Tb - Tc = 60. Second equation : Rs = 4 = 2 [ Tc - (Tc - Tb) ] / (20 + 30) = Tb / 25, Tb = 100 s. Substitute Tb = 100 s into first equation gives 2 Tb - Tc = 2 x 100 - Tc = 200 - Tc = 60, then Tc = 200 - 60 = 140 s. Then Ta = Tc - Tb = 140 - 100 = 40 s. The answer is given by Kang Chuen Tat; PO Box 6263, Dandenong, Victoria VIC 3175, Australia; SMS +61405421706; chuentat@hotmail.com; http://kangchuentat.wordpress.com.
| Is This Answer Correct ? | 0 Yes | 0 No |
Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?
Explain what are the problems that are associated with the expansion joints?
Are there any special considerations to be taken into account for combustion ammonia?
ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL ENGINEERING - EXAMPLE 34.21 : The cost of building a biochemical processing plant is increasing due to inflation. Let I = inflation rate, R = nominal interest rate, r = real interest rate. According to Fisher Equation, (1 + r)(1 + I) = (1 + R). According to General Inflation Equation, R = r + I. (a) By assuming that both r and I are fairly small, prove by mathematical calculations that complicated Fisher Equation could be simplified into the General Inflation Equation. (b) By using 2 first order Taylor expansions in the linear approximation, namely 1 / (1 + x) ≈ (1 - x), (1 + x)(1 + y) ≈ 1 + x + y, show by mathematical calculations that (1 + r) = (1 + R) / (1 + I) could be approximated by r ≈ R - I.
How 'saltation velocity' is used in designing pneumatic conveying systems?
Explain about different types of lamps?
Question 101 - (a) Let | A > = (Aa Ab Ac), | B > = (Ba Bb Bc), | C > = (Ca Cb Cc). Find | A > + | C > - | B > in term of Aa, Ab, Ac, Ba, Bb, Bc, Ca, Cb and Cc. (b) Let d | E > = d (Ea Eb Ec) = (d Ea d Eb d Ec). If | E > = (6 7 8), find the value of 10 | E >.
Question 27 – By using Excel or other easiest programming package, explain how I, the integral of sin x dx from 0 to 3.142 could be approximated using random number. Find the exact value of I.
What step should be taken in process industries if the process variable is oscillating?
What is the reason for removing silicon from aluminum?
NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING - QUESTION 26.2 : (a) The Hyperion sewage plant in Los Angeles burns 8 million cubic feet of natural gas per day to generate power in United States of America. If 1 metre = 3.28084 feet, then how many cubic metres of such gas is burnt per hour? (b) A reservoir of natural gas produces 50 mole % methane and 50 mole % ethane. At zero degree Celsius and one atmosphere, the density of methane gas is 0.716 g / L and the density of ethane gas is 1.3562 mg / (cubic cm). The molar mass of methane is 16.04 g / mol and molar mass of ethane is 30.07 g / mol. (i) Find the mass % of methane and ethane in the natural gas. (ii) Find the average density of the natural gas mixture in the reservoir at zero degree Celsius and one atmosphere, by assuming that the gases are ideal where final volume of the gas mixture is the sum of volume of the individual gases at constant temperature and pressure. (iii) Find the average density of the natural gas mixture in the reservoir at zero degree Celsius and one atmosphere, by assuming that the final mass of the gas mixture is the sum of mass of the individual gases. Assume the gases are ideal where mole % = volume % at constant pressure and temperature.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS - EXAMPLE 20.1 : By using Excel program either on laptop or desktop PC, solve the differential equation dy / dx = -2y + x + 4 with h = 0.005, initial values : x = 0, y = 1. The 4th order Runge-Kutta method provides : y(N + 1) = y(N) + (1/6) (k1 + 2k2 +2k3 + k4), k1 = h [ -2y(N) + x(N) + 4 ], k2 = h { -2 [ y(N) + k1 / 2 ] + x(N) + h / 2 + 4 }, k3 = h { -2 [ y(N) + k2 / 2 ] + x(N) + h / 2 + 4 }, k4 = h { -2 [ y(N) + k3 ] + x(N) + h + 4 }. What is the value of y at x = 0.5?
Civil Engineering (5086)
Mechanical Engineering (4456)
Electrical Engineering (16639)
Electronics Communications (3918)
Chemical Engineering (1095)
Aeronautical Engineering (239)
Bio Engineering (96)
Metallurgy (361)
Industrial Engineering (259)
Instrumentation (3014)
Automobile Engineering (332)
Mechatronics Engineering (97)
Marine Engineering (124)
Power Plant Engineering (172)
Textile Engineering (575)
Production Engineering (25)
Satellite Systems Engineering (106)
Engineering AllOther (1379)