DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS - EXAMPLE 20.1 : By using Excel program either on laptop or desktop PC, solve the differential equation dy / dx = -2y + x + 4 with h = 0.005, initial values : x = 0, y = 1. The 4th order Runge-Kutta method provides : y(N + 1) = y(N) + (1/6) (k1 + 2k2 +2k3 + k4), k1 = h [ -2y(N) + x(N) + 4 ], k2 = h { -2 [ y(N) + k1 / 2 ] + x(N) + h / 2 + 4 }, k3 = h { -2 [ y(N) + k2 / 2 ] + x(N) + h / 2 + 4 }, k4 = h { -2 [ y(N) + k3 ] + x(N) + h + 4 }. What is the value of y at x = 0.5?

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS - EXAMPLE 20.2 : During the landing process of an airplane, the velocity is constant at v. (a) If the displacement of the plane is x at time t, find the differential equation that relates t, x and v. (b) The plane has 2 parts of wheels - the front and the back, separated by a distance L. The front part of the wheel touches the land first, that allows the straight body of the plane to form an angle T with the horizontal land. If the vertical distance between the back part of the wheel and the horizontal land is y, find the equation of y as a function of L and T. (c) Find the differential equation that relates dy as a function of dt, v and sin T. (d) Find the differential equation that consist of dy as a function of y, L, v and dt. (e) Find the equation of y as a function of v, L, t and C where C is a constant. (f) When t = 0, prove that y = exp C as the initial value of y.

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS - EXAMPLE 20.3 : A differential equation is given as y” + 5y’ + 6y = 0, y(0) = 2 and y’(0) = 3. By using Laplace transform, an engineer has correctly produced the equation L {y} = (2s + 13) / [(s + 2)(s + 3)] = A / (s + 2) + B (s + 3). (a) Find the values of A and B. (b) The inversed Laplace transform of 1 / (s + a) is given by exp (-at) where a is a constant. If the statement : L {y} = 9 L { exp (-2t) } - 7 L { exp (-3t) } is correct, find the equation of y as a function of t as a solution to the differential equation stated in the beginning of this question. When L {d} = 9 L {b} - 7 L {c}, then d = 9b - 7c with b, c and d are unknowns.

PROCESS DESIGN - EXAMPLE 21.1 : According to rules of thumb in chemical process design, consider the use of an expander for reducing the pressure of a gas when more than 20 horsepowers can be recovered. The theoretical adiabatic horsepower (THp) for expanding a gas could be estimated from the equation : THp = Q [ Ti / (8130a) ] [ 1 - (Po / Pi) ^ a ] where 3 ^ 3 is 3 power 3 or 27, Q is volumetric flowrate in standard cubic feet per minute, Ti is inlet temperature in degree Rankine, a = (k - 1) / k where k = Cp / Cv, Po and Pi are reference and systemic pressures respectively. (a) Assume Cp / Cv = 1.4, Po = 14.7 psia, (temperature in degree Rankine) = [ (temperature in degree Celsius) + 273.15 ] (9 / 5), nitrogen gas at Pi = 90 psia and 25 degree Celsius flowing at Q = 230 standard cubic feet per minute is to be vented to the atmosphere. According to rules of thumb, should an expander or a valve be used? (b) Find the outlet temperature To by using the equation To = Ti (Po / Pi) ^ a.

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Question 107 - In N + 1 Rule in Quantum Chemistry, whenever a spin 1 / 2 nucleus is adjacent to N other nuclei, it is split into N + 1 distinct peaks. In 1 peak or singlet, there is only 1 magnitude. In 2 peaks or doublet, the ratio of magnitude of each peak is 1 : 1. In 3 peaks or triplet, the ratio of magnitude of each peak is 1 : 2 : 1. In 4 peaks or quartet, the ratio of magnitude of each peak is 1 : 3 : 3 : 1. In 5 peaks or quintet, the ratio of magnitude of each peak is 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1. (a) By using binomial coefficients or Triangle of Pascal find the ratio of magnitude of each peak if 6 peaks exists. (b) How many adjacent nuclei are available in a spin 1 / 2 nucleus in such situation of 6 peaks?

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PROCESS DESIGN - EXAMPLE 21.2 : The names of the flow streams could be represented by : H1 for first hot stream, H2 for second hot stream, C1 for first cold stream, C2 for second cold stream. Data of supply temperature Ts in degree Celsius : 150 for H1, 170 for H2, 30 for C1, 30 for C2. Data of target temperature Tt in degree Celsius : 50 for H1, 169 for H2, 150 for C1, 40 for C2. Data of heat capacity Cp in kW / degree Celsius : 3 for H1, 360 for H2, 3 for C1, 30 for C2. (a) Find the enthalpy changes, dH for all streams of flow H1, H2, C1 and C2 in the unit of kW. Take note of the formula dH = (Cp) (Tt - Ts). (b) Match the hot streams H1 and H2 with the suitable cold streams C1 and C2 to achieve the maximum energy efficiency.