Answer / suresh

density of steel is 78.5 kN/m^3
density of concrete (light)-5 to 18 kN/m^3
(heavy)-18 to 25 kN/m^3
density of bricks: 15 to 18 kN/m^3
density of sand: 14.5 to 16.5 kN/m^3
density of aggregate:(gravel)-14 to 17 kN/m^3
(granite)-25 to 27 kN/m^3

Answer / sunshine

CREEP
When load acts on any structural member (ex: beam, slab) strains develops that produces both compressive and tensile stresses. Tensile stresses are resisted by steel and concrete takes all the compressive stresses. These compressive stresses in concrete is the cause of deflection. This deflection takes alot of time to occur and hence is referred to as long term deflection or Creep.

Answer / suresh

continution to the above answer.
the process of wearing down or rubbing away by means of friction is called abrasion.
the resistance to wearing is found by the loss of the material
through 1.7mm sieve.

the black cotton soil has a mineral named montmorillonite,which has extensive shrinkage and swelling
characteristics with the variation of the moisture content.
as this shrinkage and swelling reduces with the increase of
the depth (about 1.5m depth no variation) we adopt pile
foundation for such soils.

by total station the measurement of horizontal, vertical angles and the sloping distances can be measured.
it works on the principle of electronic distance
measurement which based on measuring the phase difference between transmitted and reflected waves.

the increase in deformation (strain) under sustained
load (stress) is called creep.

Answer / amoo abiodun

steel 7769kg/m^3, concrete 2400kg/m^3, bricks 1794kg/m^3,
sand 1600kg/m^3, aggregates 1922kg/m^3,
abrasion is wearing down or rubbing away by means of friction.
test in abrasion is loss of material through 1.7mm sieve.
pile foundation is use in bcs because of the mineral (montmorillonite)which has extensive shrinkage and swelling.
total station is use in measurement of horizontal, vertical angle, and slope distance. it work with principle of electic distance, measuement which based on measuring the difference between transmitted and reflected waves.
Creep when load act on a structural member stain develops that produces both compressive and tensile stresses. tensile stresses are resisted by steel and concrete takes all the compressive stresses.

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