GENETIC ENGINEERING - EXAMPLE 27.4 : According to Hardy-Weinberg Equation, p x p + 2 x p x q + q x q = 1 where p = dominant allele frequency and q = recessive allele frequency. Let p + q = 1. Fraction of population has 2 copies of the p gene = p x p. Fraction of population has 2 copies of the q gene = q x q. Fraction of population has a copy of p gene and a copy of q gene = 2 x p x q. In a small town, the allele frequency is q = 0.2 for a recessive gene, the delta-32 mutation, that gives human protection from HIV infection. (a) Find the allele frequency of a dominant gene, p. (b) What percent of the population has at least a copy of the gene that cause the population either immune to HIV or less susceptible to the disease?
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GENETIC ENGINEERING - ANSWER 27.4 : (a) Let p + q = 1, then p = 1 - q = 1 - 0.2 = 0.8. (b) Percentage of population has 2 copies of the p gene = p x p x 100 = 0.8 x 0.8 x 100 = 64 %. Percentage of population has at least a copy of the q gene = (1 - Fraction of population has 2 copies of the p gene) x 100 = (1 - p x p) x 100 = (1 - 0.8 x 0.8) x 100 = (1 - 0.64) x 100 = 36 %. The answer is given by Kang Chuen Tat; PO Box 6263, Dandenong, Victoria VIC 3175, Australia; SMS +61405421706; chuentat@hotmail.com; http://kangchuentat.wordpress.com.
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CHEMICAL ENERGY BALANCE - EXAMPLE 11.3 : For liquid benzene, the CP constants are : a = 129440, b = - 169.5, c = 0.64781. Reference temperature is 298 K. The temperature of benzene is 60 degree Celsius. Calculate the enthalpy of benzene by using the formula H = a (DT) + (b/2) (T^2 - TREF^2) + (c/3) (T^3 - TREF^3) where ^ is power, DT is temperature difference with TREF = 298 K. H is in J / kmol. DT = T - TREF.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - QUESTION 22.1 : In order to predict the wastewater production, the population number has to be understood. The population data is : 72000 (for year 1961 or P-1961), 85000 (for year 1971 or P-1971), 110500 (for year 1981 or P-1981). (a) Find the average population increase, or [ (P-1981 - P-1971) + (P-1971 - P-1961) ] / 2. (b) Find the average percentage population increase, or [ (P-1981 - P-1971) / P-1971 + (P-1971 - P-1961) / P-1961 ] / (2) X 100. (c) Find the incremental increase or P-1981 - 2 (P-1971) + P-1961. (d) Let Po = P-1981. After 2 decades or n = 2, the population is P-2001. By using arithmetical increase method, find P-2001 = Po + n (Answer for a). (e) By using incremental increase method, find P-2001 = (Answer of d) + n (n + 1) (Answer of c) / 2. (f) By using geometrical increase method, find P-2001 = Po [ 1 + (Answer of b) / 100 ] ^ n where ^ is power sign, or 1 ^ 2 = 1 x 1 = 1. (g) If the actual P-2001 = 184000, which method of estimation is more accurate, based on your answer in (d), (e) and (f)?
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