Sean Alicandri, a sophisticated investor who is both willing and able to take risk, has just noticed that Mid- West Airlines has become the target of a hostile takeover. Prior to the announcement of the offer to purchase the stock for $72 a share, the stock had been selling for $59. Immediately after the offer, the offer the stock rose to $75, a premium over the offer price. Such premiums are often indicative that investors expect a higher price could occur if a bidding was erupts for the company or if management buyout of the firm. Of course, if neither of these scenarios occurs, the price of the stock could fall back to the $72 offer price. In addition, if the offer were to be withdrawn or defeated by management, the price of the stock could fall below the original stock price. Alicandri has no reason to anticipate that any of these possibilities will be the final outcome, but the realizes that the price of the stock will not remain at $75. If a bidding war erupts, the price could easily exceed$100. Conversely, if the takeover fails, he expects the price to decline below $55 a share, since he previously believed that the price of the stock was overvalued at $59. With such uncertainty, Alicandri does not want to own the stock but is intrigued with the possibility of earning a profit from a price movement that he is certain must occur. Currently there are several three months put and all options traded on the stock. Their strike and market prices are as follows: Strike Price Market Price of Call Market Price of Put $50 $26.00 $0.125 55 21.50 0.50 60 17.00 1.00 65 13.25 1.75 70 8.00 3.50 75 4.25 6.00 80 1.00 9.75 Alicandri decides the best strategy is to purchase both a put and a call option (to establish a straddle). Deciding on a strategy is one thing; determining the best way to execute it is quite another. For example, he could buy the options with the extreme strike price (i.e. the call at $80 and the put at $50). Or he could buy the options with the strike price closest to the original $72 offer price (i.e. buy the put and the call at $70). To help determine the potential profits and losses from various positions, Alicandri developed profit profiles at various stock prices by filling in the following chart for each position: Price of the stock Intrinsic Value of the Call Profit on the Call Intrinsic Value of the Put Profit on the Put Net Profit $50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 To limit the number of calculations, he decided to make three comparisons: (1) the purchase of two inexpensive options-buy the call with the $80 strike price and the put with the $60 strike price, (2) the purchase of the options with the $70 strike price, and (3) the purchase of the options with the price closest to the original stock price (i.e., the options with the $60 strike price). Construct Alicandri’s profit profiles and answer the following questions. 1) Which strategy works best if a bidding war erupts? 2) Which strategy works best if the hostile takeover is defeated? 3) Which strategy works best if the original offer price becomes the final price? 4) Which of the three positions produces the worst result and under what condition does it occur? 5) If you were Alipcandri’s financial advisor, which strategy would you advise he establish? Or would you argue that he not speculate on this takeover?

Investment Bank,

Read the case given below and answer the questions given at the end. Krutika Designers Ltd is an Indian company engaged in designing shirts for an international shirt manufacturer. Its operations are currently restricted to designing shirts for the Indian market. The firm is interested in extending its operations to the European markets, but is restricted by its lack of knowledge about the latest fashions and trends prevailing there. Hence, the firm has decided to open an office in Finland for establishing a network in Europe that will give the firm access to the needed information. The firm feels that its does not have the capability of sustaining itself in the foreign markets in the long-term, and will be able to generate additional revenue from these activities only for the next 5 years. After that, the Finnish office will have to be closed down. The firm anticipates an initial investment of Rs.14 million. The project is expected to generate the following cash flows over the 5 years period. Year Cash flow (Finnish Marks) 1 2 3 4 5 10,00,000 20,00,000 50,00,000 50,00,000 30,00,000 These cash flows are expressed in terms of today’s money. The firm can claim depreciation in India according to the Straight Line Method. The salvage value from the project is expected to be nil. The Finnish Government does not provide any incentives for foreign investments. However, currently it is making an attempt to have better economic ties with India. Hence, it has decided to extend a loan of 50,000 marks to Krutika Designers. The loan will be at a concessional interest rate of 7%. The loan is to be repaid in 5 equal annual installments which will include the interest payments. The project will generate additional borrowing capacity of Rs.5 million for the firm. However, as the firm does not have any firm contract with the international shirt manufacturer, its domestic revenues are expected to be very volatile. Therefore, there is no surely that the firm will be able to absorb the tax benefits arising out of depreciation and additional borrowing capacity. The firm does not intend to indulge in any illegal money transfers. The current spot rate for the Finnish Mark is Rs.7.25/FM. The inflation rates in India and Finland for the next 5 years are expected to be 8% and 3% respectively. The exchange rate is expected to move in tandem with the inflation rates. Indian tax rate is 35% while Finnish tax rate is 40%. India and Finland have entered into a tax treaty whereby the earnings of the residents of one country are taxable in that country only. In India, the nominal risk-free interest rate is 11%. The same is 6% in Finland. The Indian nominal interest rate (including risk-premium) is 15%, while that in Finland is 9%. The nominal all-equity rate in India is 18%. 1. Comment on the financial viability of the project. 2. What are the different circumstances in which nominal all-equity discount rate and real all equity discount rate should be used for discounting the cash flows? Explain the rationale behind it. 3. Comment on the financial viability of the project if the firm is sure about being able to absorb the tax benefits arising out of depreciation and increased borrowing capacity. 4. Explain the concept of exchange risk and how it affects an international project. 5. How can the financial structure of a project be used to overcome repatriation restrictions? What are the additional benefits of such maneuvers?

Introduction Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) and Reliance Petroleum Limited (RPL) Table 1 : MRPL’s Income Statement and Balance Sheet (Rs. in mn) Particulars April 1999 – March 2000 April 2000 – March 2001 April 2001 – march 2002 Net Sales 30212.04 28891.50 53714.40 Other Income 701.37 524.50 439.90 Total Income 30913.41 29415.70 54154.30 Expenditure (30112.79) (27917.50) (51587.00) Interest (2369.59) (2378.30) (6722.90) Depreciation (1427.63) (1728.60) (3633.50) Tax (0.24) (0.30) 2864.30 Total Expenditure (33910.25) (32024.70) (61943.40) Profit after Tax (2996.84) (2609.00) (4924.80) Equity 7921.00 7921.00 7921.00 Reserves 1714.50 (1506.96) (4489.56) Debt 54082.97 50516.52 55356.94 . Table II : RPL’s Income statement and Balance Sheet Particulars April 2001 – March 2002 April 2000 – March 2001 Net Sales 331170.00 309630.00 Other Income 3550.00 2200.00 Total Income 334720.00 311830.00 Expenditure (299430.00) (279090.00) Interest (9550.00) (10320.00) Depreciation (8020.00) (6610.00) Tax (980.00) (1170.00) Total Expenditure (317980.00) (297190.30) Profit after Tax 16740.00 14640.00 Equity 52020.00 47488.10 Reserves - 34974.20 Debt - 74921.30 Table III : Quarterly Closing Prices (04/30/1996 to 09/30/2002) Date BSE-30 RPL MRPL 04/30/96 3376.64 14.75 32.50 06/28/96 3731.96 12.90 28.25 09/30/96 3519.42 10.25 19.35 12/24/96 2883.88 10.40 20.60 03/31/96 3360.89 12.70 17.65 06/30/97 4256.09 17.40 18.10 09/30/97 3902.03 19.00 21.60 12/31/97 3658.98 23.55 19.85 03/31/98 3892.75 20.50 19.25 06/30/98 3250.69 20.00 16.15 09/30/98 2812.49 17.60 13.90 12/31/98 3055.41 18.80 12.90 03/31/98 3739.96 18.70 10.30 06/30/99 4140.73 27.05 19.00 09/30/99 4764.92 46.90 21.00 12/30/99 5005.82 65.70 16.70 03/31/00 5001.28 60.04 12.35 06/30/00 4748.77 53.95 9.90 09/29/00 4090.38 56.75 8.80 12/29/00 3972.12 56.60 8.80 03/30/01 3604.39 48.55 7.70 06/29/01 3456.78 47.00 6.85 09/28/01 2811.66 29.75 6.30 12/31/01 3263.33 29.30 6.80 03/28/02 3469.35 25.85 6.80 06/28/02 3244.70 24.05 10.00 09/30/02 2930.51 23.10 7.65 Questions 1. Calculate the average return and risk on shares of RPL and MRPL during the period 1996-2002. divide the total risk on each of the stocks between systematic and unsystematic components. Calculate each of the components as a percentage of the total risk.

Investment Bank,

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HDFC,

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Brigade,