Agonistic behavior, or aggression, is exhibited by most of the more than three million species of animals on this planet. Animal behaviorists still disagree on a comprehensive definition of the term, hut aggressive behavior can be loosely described as any action that harms an adversary or compels it to retreat. Aggression may serve many purposes, such as Food gathering, establishing territory, and enforcing social hierarchy. In a general Darwinian sense, however, the purpose of aggressive behavior is to increase the individual animal’s—and thus, the species’—chance of survival. Aggressive behavior may he directed at animals of other species, or it may be conspecific—that is, directed at members of an animal’s own species. One of the most common examples of conspecific aggression occurs in the establishment and maintenance of social hierarchies. In a hierarchy, social dominance is usually established according to physical superiority; the classic example is that of a pecking order among domestic fowl. The dominance hierarchy may be viewed as a means of social control that reduces the incidence of attack within a group. Once established, the hierarchy is rarely threatened by disputes because the inferior animal immediately submits when confronted by a superior. Two basic types of aggressive behavior are common to most species: attack and defensive threat. Each type involves a particular pattern of physiological and behavioral responses, which tends not to vary regardless of the stimulus that provokes it. For example, the pattern of attack behavior in cats involves a series of movements, such as stalking, biting, seizing with the forepaws and scratching with tile hind legs, that changes very little regardless of the stimulus—that is, regardless of who or what the cat is attacking. The cat’s defensive threat response offers another set of closely linked physiological and behavioral patterns. The cardiovascular system begins to pump blood at a faster rate, in preparation for sudden physical activity. The eves narrow and the ears flatten against the side of the cat’s head for protection, and other vulnerable areas of the body such as the stomach and throat are similarly contracted. Growling or hissing noises and erect fur also signal defensive threat. As with the attack response, this pattern of responses is generated with little variation regardless of the nature of the stimulus. Are these aggressive patterns of attack and defensive threat innate, genetically programmed, or are they learned? The answer seems to be a combination of both. A mouse is helpless at birth, but by its l2th day of life can assume a defensive threat position by backing up on its hind legs. By the time it is one month old, the mouse begins to exhibit the attack response. Nonetheless, copious evidence suggests that animals learn and practice aggressive behavior; one need look no further than the sight of a kitten playing with a ball of string. All the elements of attack—stalking, pouncing, biting, and shaking—are part of the game that prepares the kitten for more serious situations later in life. 7) The passage asserts that animal social hierarchies are generally stable because: a) the behavior responses of the group are known by all its members. b) the defensive threat posture quickly stops most conflicts. c) inferior animals usually defer to their physical superior. d) the need for mutual protection from other species inhibits conspecific aggression. 8) According to the author, what is the most significant physiological change undergone by a cat assuming the defensive threat position? a) An increase in cardiovascular activity b) A sudden narrowing of the eyes c) A contraction of the abdominal muscles d) The author does not say which change is most significant 9) Based on the information in the passage about agonistic behavior, it is reasonable to conclude that: I. the purpose of agonistic behavior is to help ensure the survival of the species. II. agonistic behavior is both innate and learned. III. conspecific aggression is more frequent than i aggression. a) I only b) II only c) I and II only d) I,II and III only 10) Which of the following would be most in accord with the information presented in the passage? a) The aggressive behavior of sharks is closely inked to their need to remain in constant motion. b) fine inability of newborn mice to exhibit the attack response proves that aggressive behavior must be learned. c) Most animal species that do riot exhibit aggressive behavior are prevented from doing so by environmental factors. d) Members of a certain species of hawk use the same method to prey on both squirrels and gophers. 11) The author suggests that the question of whether agonistic behavior is genetically programmed or learned: a) still generates considerable controversy among animal behaviorists. b) was first investigated through experiments on mice. c) is outdated since most scientists now believe the genetic element to be most important. d) has been the subject of extensive clinical study. 12) Which of the following topics related to agonistic behavior is NOT explicitly addressed in the passage? a) The physiological changes that accompany attack behavior in cats b) The evolutionary purpose of aggression c) Conspecific aggression that occurs in dominance hierarchies d) The relationship between play and aggression 13) The author of this passage is primarily concerned with: a) analyzing the differences between attack behavior and defensive threat behavior. b) introducing a subject currently debated among animal behaviorists. c) providing a general overview of aggressive behavior in animals. d) illustrating various manifestations of agonistic behavior among mammals.

2591

I have done with my engineering and i'm looking forward to prepare for civils.I've heard R C reddy is the best coaching centre in hyderabad for civils but are they any batches for civils coaching in R C reddy like other s/w coaching centres. please let me know about dat.

2328

Each row of letters or numbers has a rule connecting them. Write the next number or letterin the brackets. 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 , 36 , (_ _ _)

1280

In geometry, polygons with up to twelve sides have different given names; however, ______________________ if the number of sides is higher than twelve, the polygon is named by placing the suffix "gon" after the number of sides in the polygons. if the number of sides is greater than twelve, the polygon is named by placing the suffix "gon" after the number of sides in the polygons. if the number of sides is greater than twelve, name the polygon by placing the suffix "gon" after the number of sides in the polygons. if the number of sides is higher than twelve, name the polygon by placing the suffix "gon" after the number of sides in the polygons.

2162

Himesh works thrice as much as Bhavin. Find the number of days it would take to complete the work if both work together if Himesh takes 60 days less than Bhavin to do a work.

1153

A man drives at a speed of 40 miles/hr. His wife left 30 mins. late with 50 miles/hr speed. when will they meet ?

1767

What is the perimeter of the quadrilateral?

1161

What is the total distance covered by Sachin if he covers 2/3 rd of the distance at 4 kmph and the remaining distance at 5 kmph in 1hr 24min?

1156

In the 4 digits 1,2,3,4 how many 4 digited numbers are possible which are divisable by 4? Repetetions are allowed

1197

one answer is 200/3 % it is perfectly correct wecannot recollec the prob. so place it blindly.

1269

Complete the sequence A, E ,I ,M ,Q ,U , _ , _?

1171

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 station. route between any 2 station is there only if the 2 digit nob. is divisible by 3. e.g. route exist between 1 to 2 because 12 is divisible by 3 how many station have routes to 8 either direct or indirect

1182

If g (0)=g (1)=1 And: g (n)= g (n-1) + g (n –2) find g (6);

1155

Define universal grammar.

1246

One of the longest sides of the triangle is 20 m. The other side is 10 m. Area of the triangle is 80 m2. What is the another side of the triangle?

1266