which language is called as the mother of english?
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Answer / abhinav singh
German is called as Mother of English.....
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If one always ought to act so as to produce the best possible circumstances, then morality is extremely demanding. No one could plausibly claim to have met the requirements of this "simple principle." . . . It would seem strange to punish those intending to do good by sentencing them to an impossible task. Also, if the standards of right conduct are as extreme as they seem, then they will preclude the personal projects that humans find most fulfilling. From an analytic perspective, the potential extreme demands of morality are not a "problem." A theory of morality is no less valid simply because it asks great sacrifices. In fact, it is difficult to imagine what kind of constraints could be put on our ethical projects. Shouldn't we reflect on our base prejudices, and not allow them to provide boundaries for our moral reasoning? Thus, it is tempting to simply dismiss the objections to the simple principle. However, in Demands of Morality, Liam Murphy takes these objections seriously for at least two distinct reasons. First, discussion of the simple principle provides an excellent vehicle for a discussion of morality in general. Perhaps, in a way, this is Murphy's attempt at doing philosophy "from the inside out.". . . Second, Murphy's starting point tells us about the nature of his project. Murphy must take seriously the collisions between moral philosophy and our intuitive sense of right and wrong. He [must do so] because his work is best interpreted as intended to forge moral principles from our firm beliefs, and not to proscribe beliefs given a set of moral principles. [Murphy] argues from our considered judgments rather than to them. . . For example, Murphy cites our "simple but firmly held" beliefs as supporting the potency of the over- demandingness objection, and nowhere in the work can one find a source of moral values divorced from human preferences. Murphy does not tell us what set of "firm beliefs" we ought to have. Rather, he speaks to an audience of well- intentioned but unorganized moral realists, and tries to give them principles that represent their considered moral judgments. Murphy starts with this base sense of right and wrong, but recognizes that it needs to be supplemented by reason where our intuitions are confused or conflicting. Perhaps Murphy is looking for the best interpretation of our convictions, the same way certain legal scholars try to find the best interpretation of our Constitution. This approach has disadvantages. Primarily, Murphy's arguments, even if successful, do not provide the kind of motivating force for which moral philosophy has traditionally searched. His work assumes and argues in terms of an inner sense of morality, and his project seeks to deepen that sense. Of course, it is quite possible that the moral viewpoints of humans will not converge, and some humans have no moral sense at all. Thus, it is very easy for the moral skeptic to point out a lack of justification and ignore the entire work. On the other hand, Murphy's choice of a starting point avoids many of the problems of moral philosophy. Justifying the content of moral principles and granting a motivating force to those principles is an extraordinary task. It would be unrealistic to expect all discussions of moral philosophy to derive such justifications. Projects that attempt such a derivation have value, but they are hard pressed to produce logical consequences for everyday life. In the end, Murphy's strategy may have more practical effect than its first-principle counterparts, which do not seem any more likely to convince those that would reject Murphy's premises. 1) The author suggests that the application of Murphy's philosophy to the situations of two different groups: a) would help to solve the problems of one group but not of the other. b) could result in the derivation of two radically different moral principles. c) would be contingent on the two groups sharing the same fundamental beliefs. d) could reconcile any differences between the two groups. 2) Suppose an individual who firmly believes in keeping promises has promised to return a weapon to a person she knows to be extremely dangerous. According to Murphy, which of the following, if true, would WEAKEN the notion that she should return the weapon? a) She also firmly believes that it is morally wrong to assist in any way in a potentially violent act. b) She believes herself to be well-intentioned in matters of right and wrong. c) The belief that one should keep promises is shared by most members of her community. d) She derived her moral beliefs from first-principle ethical philosophy. 3) The passage implies that a moral principle derived from applying Murphy's philosophy to a particular group would be applicable to another group if: a) the first group recommended the principle to the second group. b) the moral viewpoints of the two groups do not converge. c) the members of the second group have no firmly held beliefs. d) the second group shares the same fundamental beliefs as the first group. 4) According to the passage, the existence of individuals who entirely lack a moral sense: a) confirms the notion that moral principles should be derived from the considered judgments of individuals. b) suggests a potential disadvantage of Murphy's philosophical approach. c) supports Murphy's belief that reason is necessary in cases in which intuitions are conflicting or confused. d) proves that first-principle strategies of ethical theorizing will have no more influence over the behavior of individuals than will Murphy's philosophical approach. 5) Which of the following can be inferred about "doing philosophy from the inside out?" a) Murphy was the first philosopher to employ such an approach. b) It allows no place for rational argument in the formation of ethical principles. c) It is fundamentally different from the practice of first-principle philosophy. d) It is designed to dismiss objections to the "simple principle." 6) A school board is debating whether or not to institute a dress code for the school's students. According to Murphy, the best way to come to an ethical decision would be to: a) consult the fundamental beliefs of the board members. b) analyze the results of dress codes instituted at other schools. c) survey the students as to whether or not they would prefer a dress code. d) determine whether or note a dress code has ever been instituted in the school's history.
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DIRECTIONS (Q1-10).EACH QUESTION HAS TO BE ANSWERED FROM GIVEN PASSAGE. READING COMPREHENSION (PASSAGE) On 26th NOVEMBER, the airport police caught a youth Sravan kumar tried to smuggle 98 dried bear gall ladders out of the country. They looked like shriveled black mangoes, and no one but the expert could say that the weird looking things came from an animal. Even experts faltered in identifying the species of the animal the gall bladders came from. This was precisely the question turned up during the investigations. Under the Indian wild-life protection act 1972, the Himalayan brown bear figures among these schedules. Thus if the gall bladders came from the Himalayan brown bear as the airport police suspected, the Sravan kumar should have been prosecuted under the law. Actually drugs made from gall bladders are used in Tibetan medicine as cure for various ailments which includes joint aches, rheumatism, cataracts, gall stones, cancer and even as aphrodisiacs. Since these drugs are highly reputed (despite their being actually useless), the intact gall bladders of bears sell in the international markets at phenomenal rates. This has caused poaching of bears and consequent fall of bear population. Sravan kumar understood that he had been caught red-handed. The best way to circumvent the law was to deny that these where bear gall bladders. Consequently he asserted that the gall bladders where taken from pigs and not from bears. Since pig not in protected act- Sravan could go scot free. He banked upon the fact that the gall bladders of large mammals look alike and is extremely difficult to distinguish one from another. In effect question belonged to pigs or to bears. It was at this stage that the airport police asked for my help. Despite common belief forensic science doesn’t cater only on solving murders, killings or assassinations. Forensic science is the application of scientific knowledge to solve any legal dispute. Since here the police did face a legal dilemma, forensic science could come to their rescue. During recent years the law enforcement agencies involved in protecting wildlife are increasingly turning to forensic science to bring culprits to the book. Protected animals are killed because of false beliefs in curative powers of medicines made from their body parts, or because of their valuable fur’s or hides or just because for plain fun. Poaching of elephants for ivory is a common problem. But ivory comes from a number of sources ( as many as fifteen ) and often even the criminals find it convenient to assert that ivory came from valid source. In US for instance trading in ivory is illegal, trading in ivory of now extinct mammoths and mastodons. There is synthetic ivory too which is plastic like material. Whenever smugglers are caught with ivory their standard answer is that ivory is from a mammoth which is completely legal. Forensic science once again comes to the rescue of wildlife officers. It helps in differentiating ivory coming from various sources. Mammoth ivory is usually darker than elephant ivory, since it contains traces of iron which has oxidized over time, but is not always the case. The best way ivory from various sources can be distinguished is by observing what are known as Schreger lines. Ivory is criss – crossed by dentinal tubules, which can be seen under a scanning electron micro – scope (SEM) as straight lines. These tubules where first described by a German research Schreger, after whom these lines are named. Thses schreger lines form a unique pattern in each species. For instance while in elephants, these lines always meet an angle greater than 110 degrees., in mammoths they form a very convenient for differentiating between the ivories of mammoth and elephants. Q1). What was the question that turned up during the investigations that followed the confiscation of gall bladders? a) Can experts easily distinguish between animal gall bladders and shriveled mangoes. b) Can experts easily distinguish between the gall bladders of bear and that of pig’s c) It is a matter of experience or of medical expertise that enables doctors to identify the species of the animals to whom the gall bladders belong. d) Is the police force better than the doctors at identifying the species of the animals to whom the gall bladders belong to. e) Is forensic science of any help in identifying the species of the animals from whom the gall bladders have come Q2). Why did Sravan kumar say that gall bladders have been taken out of pigs? i) Because pigs do not figure among the five schedules in the Indian wild-life protection act of 1973. ii) Because he wanted to avoid prosecution iii) Because he did not consider it morally wrong to say so iv) Because he had bribed an forensic scientist to support his statements a) I only b) I & ii only c) I, ii & iii only d) I, ii, iii & iv only Q3). Why are the gall bladders of bears smuggled? i) Because they fetch lot of money ii) Because they are apparently useless iii) Because they are used for making drugs a) I only b) Ii only c) I & ii only d) I & iii only e) Iii only Q4). Which of the following statements is correct ? a) The weired looking things are shriveled black mangoes b) The ‘ursus arctos is abellinus’ is a protected species c) The gall bladders of bears do not sell in the international market d) Sravan kumar was not a smuggler e) Sravan kumar was able to go scot-free by convincing the authorities that the gall bladders came from pigs Q5). What did Sravan kumar base his hopes on? a) The lack of expertise in the field of forensic science b) The fact that the gall bladders had been taken from bears and from pigs c) The fact that the gall bladders of large mammals look alike d) The fact that the intact gall bladders sell in the international market e) The fact that the forensic science is known to cater to solving murders, killings or assasinations Q6). Why did the airport police seek the author’s help? a) Because he is a detcetive b) Because he is a lawyer with extensive knowledge in the field of wildlife protection c) Bnecause he is an expert in the field of forensic science d) Because he is a foreigner setlled in India e) Because he is a great champion of wildlife protection in India Q7). What was the legal dilemna? a) Whether ro prosecute Sravan kumar or to let him go scot-free b) To detremine whther the gall bladders belonged to bears or pigs c) To decide whether bear is an endagered species d) To decide whether pig is an endangered species e) To determine whether forensic science aid should be sought only to solve murders ot to solve any legal disputes Q8). Who are the culprits who need to be punished ? i) Poachers ii) Those who kill animals for their organs iii) Those who hunt protected animals for fun a) I & II only b) I only c) I & III only d) II only e) I, II & III only Q9). Why is it convenient for criminals to claim that ivory has come from valid source? a) Because mammoths and mastodons have become exticnt b) Because ivory comes from as many as fifteen sources c) Because it is possible for one to distinguish between one kind of ivory to another d) Because of elephants is prohibited in many countries e) Because mammoths have tasks which are very similar to synthetic ivory Q10). What is the best way of distinguishing ivory coming from various sources? a) By testing whether the ivory contains traces of iron b) Bvy scrutinizing it closely to see that it is darker than elephant ivory c) By over serving the pattern of tubules on the ivory d) By feeling the texture to note the difference e) By extracting the tissue and getting it examined by a forensic sciebtist
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"Day" is related to "Night" int he same way as "Kind" is related to............
12 Answers CMPFO, Coal India, Corporation Bank, HCL, Pakistan Engineering Council, Vinayak Traders,
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Com pany C sells a line of 25 products with an average retail price of $1,200. If none of these products sells for less than $420, and exactly 10 of the products sell for less than $1,000, what is the greatest possible selling price of the most expensive product
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