Answer / Amarpali Sharma

Optional<T> is a container class in Java 8 that can hold either a value of type T or null. It's designed to handle the cases where methods may return null, promoting null-safe programming practices.nnOptional provides methods like isPresent(), get(), ifPresent(), orElse() and orElseGet() to manage the presence of a value and its operations.

Describe how to implement singleton design pattern in struts.

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Say you want to store the information about a number of pets in an array. Typical information that you could store for each pet (where relevant) would be • Breed of animal • Animal's name • Its birth date • Its sex • Whether it has been sterilised or not • When it is due for its next inoculation • When it last had its wings clipped For each type of pet (eg. dog, cat or bird) you would typically define a class to hold the relevant data. Note: You do not need to implement these classes. Just answer the following questions. 3.1.1 What would be the advantage of creating a superclass (eg. Pet) and declaring an array of Pet objects over simply using an array of Objects, storing each of the instances of the different pet classes (eg. Dog, Cat or Bird) in it? 3.1.2 Would you define Pet as a class or as an interface? Why? (2) (2)

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