Interested to Buy Any Domain ? << Click Here >> for more details...
what is meant by flushll() in c programming?
- 1 Answers
- 17967 Views
- I also Faced
- E-Mail Answers
Answer / chauhan rakesh botad
The flushall function flushes all streams.
flushall clears all buffers associated with open input
streams and writes all buffers associated with open output
streams to their respective files. Any read operation
following flushall reads new data into the buffers from the
input files. Streams stay open after flushall executes.
Return Value
flushall returns an integer the number of open input and
output streams.
This is used to clear the buffer memory...for eg.we use
flush(stdin) before the getch() command and scanf command so
as to clear the memory space...sometimes it happens that
getch() takes 'enter' as a character ...to avoid this we use
the flush functions.
flushall clear any data in stream. it doesnt mean data gets
lost, instead all buffered data process and sent to target
output source.
like writing to a file using filestread and if we have write
some data in stream which is in buffer but not written in
file. as you call flushall it will write all data to file
and then clear the buffer(i.e memory space).
The fflush() and flushall() functions in the C run-time
library do not write file changes directly to disk. These
functions flush the file buffers provided by the library;
they do not flush the buffers the MS-DOS, OS/2, or Windows
NT operating systems provide at the system level. For
example, if an application calls fflush() but MS-DOS does
not write its buffers to disk before a system crash (or
equivalent event), information may still be lost. To address
this situation in MS-DOS, use the _commit() function after
you call fflush() or fflushall(). Calling _commit() causes
the operating system to flush to disk the buffer associated
with a file handle.
The OS/2 operating system provides two separate functions,
depending on the installed version of OS/2. In 16-bit OS/2
(versions 1.x), use the DosBufReset() function. In 32-bit
OS/2 (version 2.0), use the DosResetBuffer() function.
The Windows NT operating system provides the WIN32 API
FlushFileBuffers(). The _commit() function included with the
Visual C++ 32-bit Edition CRT calls FlushFileBuffers to
write buffered data to disk.
Microsoft C/C++ version 7.0 introduces the "c" mode option
for the fopen() function. When an application opens a file
and specifies the "c" mode, the run-time library writes the
contents of the file buffer to disk when the application
calls the fflush() or _flushall() function. The "c" mode
option is a Microsoft extension and is not part of the ANSI
standard for fopen().
To change the default behavior of the fflush() and
_flushall() functions, link your application with the
COMMODE.OBJ file provided by the products listed at the
beginning of this article. COMMODE.OBJ changes the global
commit flag such that calling fflush() or _flushall()
commits the file buffer to disk. This flag tells fflush() to
call _commit() to flush the low- level file when the stream
is flushed and _commit() in turn calls _dos_commit() for the
MS-DOS level file. By default flushing a stream does not
flush the low-level and MS-DOS level files.
| Is This Answer Correct ? | 19 Yes | 1 No |
main() { int i=1; while (i<=5) { printf("%d",i); if (i>2) goto here; i++; } } fun() { here: printf("PP"); }
The rich analysts of Fernand Braudel arid his fellow Annales historians have made significant contributions to historical theory and research. In a departure from traditional historical approaches, the Annales historians assume (as do Marxists) that history cannot be limited to a simple recounting of conscious human actions, but must be understood in the context of forces and material conditions that underlie human behavior. Braudel was the first Annales historian to gain widespread support for the idea that history should synthesize data from various social sciences, especially economics, in order to provide a broader view of human societies over time (although Febvre and Bloch, founders of the Annales school, had originated this approach). Braudel conceived of history as the dynamic interaction of three temporalities. The first of these, the evenmentielle, involved short-lived dramatic events such as battles, revolutions, and the actions of great men, which had preoccupied traditional historians like Carlyle. Conjonctures was Braudel’s term for larger cyclical processes that might last up to half a century. The longue duree, a historical wave of great length, was for Braudel the most fascinating of the three temporalities. Here he focused on those aspects of everyday life that might remain relatively unchanged for centuries. What people ate, what they wore, their means and routes of travel—for Braudel these things create “structures’ that define the limits of potential social change for hundreds of years at a time. Braudel’s concept of the longue duree extended the perspective of historical space as well as time. Until the Annales school, historians had taken the juridical political unit—the nation-state, duchy, or whatever—as their starting point. Yet, when such enormous timespans are considered, geographical features may well have more significance for human populations than national borders, In his doctoral thesis, a seminal work on the Mediterranean during the reign of Philip II, Braudel treated the geohistory of the entire region as a “structure” that had exerted myriad influences on human lifeways since the first settlements on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. And so the reader is given such arcane information as the list of products that came to Spanish shores from North Africa, the seasonal routes followed by Mediterranean sheep and their shepherds, and the cities where the best ship timber could be bought. Braudel has been faulted for the imprecision of his approach. With his Rabelaisian delight in concrete detail, Braudel vastly extended the realm of relevant phenomena but this very achievement made it difficult to delimit the boundaries of observation, a task necessary to beginning any social investigation. Further, Braudel and other Annales historians minimize the differences among the social sciences. Nevertheless, the many similarly designed studies aimed at both professional and popular audiences indicate that Braudel asked significant questions that traditional historians had overlooked. 14) The primary purpose of the passage is to: a) show how Braudel’s work changed the conception of Mediterranean life held by previous historians. b) evaluate Braudel’s criticisms of traditional and Marxist historiography. c) contrast the perspective of the longue duree with the actions of major historical figures d) outline some of Braudel’s influential conceptions and distinguish them from conventional approaches. 15) The author refers to the work of Febvre and Bloch in order to: a) illustrate the limitations of the Annale tradition of historical interpretation. b) suggest the relevance of economics to historical investigation. c) debate the need for combining various sociological approaches. d) show that previous Annales historians anticipated Braudel’s focus on economics. 16) According to the passage, all of the following are aspects of Braudel’s approach to history EXCEPT that he: a) attempted to draw on various social sciences. b) studied social and economic activities that occurred across national boundaries. c) pointed out the link between increased economic activity and the rise of nationalism. d) examined seemingly unexciting aspects of everyday life. 17) In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with discussing: a) Braudel’s fascination with obscure facts. b) Braudel’s depiction of the role of geography in human history. c) the geography of the Mediterranean region. d) the irrelevance of national borders. 18) The passage suggests that, compared with traditional historians, Annales/i> historians are: a) more interested in other social sciences than in history. b) critical of the achievements of famous historical figures. c) skeptical of the validity of most economic research. d) more interested in the underlying context of human behavior. 19) Which of the Following statements would be most likely to follow the last sentence of the passage? a) Few such studies however, have been written by trained economists. b) It is time, perhaps, for a revival of the Carlylean emphasis on personalities. c) Many historians believe that Braudel’s conception of three distinct “temporalities” is an oversimplification. d) Such diverse works as Gascon’s study of Lyon and Barbara Tuchman’s A Distant Mirror testify to his relevance. 20) The author is critical of Braudel’s perspective for which of the Following reasons a) It seeks structures that underlie all forms of social activity. b) It assumes a greater similarity among the social sciences than actually exists. c) It fails to consider the relationship between short-term events and long-term social activity. d) It rigidly defines boundaries for social analysis.
What are the 4 types of unions?
What is size of union in c?
What are the advantages of union?
How will you delete a node in DLL?
CAN WE DEFINE ANY FUNCTION WITHIN A FUNCTION.
1. Write a C program to count the number of occurrence of a specific word in the given strings. (for e.g. Find how many times the word “live” comes in the sentence “Dream as if you’ll live forever, live as if you’ll die today ”)
How do you list a file’s date and time?
Write a C++ program without using any loop (if, for, while etc) to print numbers from 1 to 100 and 100 to 1;
18 Answers Accenture, Cisco, Egentec, HCL, Ideaz, Infosys, M-Systems, MYR, TCS,
1,4,8,13,21,30,36,45,54,63,73,?,?.
10 Answers AMB, Franklin Templeton,
Reverse the part of the number which is present from position i to j. Print the new number.[without using the array] eg: num=789876 i=2 j=5 778986
C 
