Answer Posted / chandan yadav

1. The Nostril:

Present inside the nose and above the mouth it is regionated anteroposteriorly into vestibule, respiratory channel and olfactory organs. A cartilaginous nasal septum divides the vestibule into two lateral halves. The respiratory channel passes through scroll-like turbinal bones and passes by olfactory region into pharynx through a pair of posterior nare. It performs (i) filtration, (ii) air-conditioning and (iii) warming.

2. Pharynx:

Pharynx is a common passage for air and food. The pharynx is divisible into naso-pharynx, oropharynx and laryngeal pharynx.

3. The Larynx and Vocal Cords:

It is the anterior enlarged part of the wind pipe, made of cartilage i.e. thyroid, cricoids. Arytenoids, etc. the enlarged thyroid cartilage is called Adam’s apple. A cartilaginous muscular flap, the epiglottis is attached to the top of the thyroid cartilage. It can close the glottis while swallowing food. Vocal cords are stretched between thyroid and arytenoids cartilages. Vibrations of vocal cords produce sound. Rima glottidis is the opening between the cords.

4. Trachea:

The wind pipe, trachea is 10-12cm long and 2.5 compound in diameter. Entering into thoracic cavity trachea divides into the right and left bronchi. The trachea is supported by C-shaped cartilages.

5. Bronchi:

Each bronchus enters the lungs of its side. The right bronchus gives up four branches while the left has two.Inside each lung these branches go on ramifying till a bronchial tree is formed. The terminal bronchioles open into a space called vestibule which gives rise to one to three respiratory bronchioles. The wall of respiratory bronchioles form thin walled sac-like alveoli.

A respiratory bronchiole divides into alveolar ducts which in turn to atria and the latter gives rise to alveoli or air sacs.

6. Lungs:

Lungs are the principal organs of respiration.Ty lie in thoracic cavity. Right lung is 3-lobed and left lung two-lobed. The cone shaped space between two lungs is called mediastinum. Each lung is covered by a two-layered membrane. Its outer membrane is called parietal pleura and inner visceral pleura. The space between these two membranes is called pleural cavity which is filed with a serous fluid. This fluid lubricates the lungs and protects them from friction.

Structure of Alveolus:

Alveoli are the sites for gas exchange. Human lungs have 7, 50, 00,000 alveoli. Total surface of alveoli is about 100 sq.meters which is about 50 times of skin. Each alveolus is about 0.1mm in diameter and lined by squamous epithelium. The alvelor squamous epithelium is covered by a lipoproteinous substance called lung surfactant. The wall of adjacent alveoli is fused to form inter-alveolar septa. This septa contains blood vessles, fine muscles and connective tissue.

Mechanism of pulmonary respiration-It includes breathing movement and exchange of gases by lungs.

Breathing movement- The thoracic cavity is a air tight chamber which is enclosed dorsally by vertebral column, ventrally by sternum, laterally by ribs, anteriorly by neck and posteriorly by diaphagram. Diaphagram is a dome-shaped partition of skeletal muscle in between thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity. Breathing includes two processes- inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is a process of intake of air into lungs.

It is a ctive process. When the external intercostals muscles contract the diaphragam becomes flat and space inside thoracic cavity increases. Simultaneously the high pressure air from outside rushes into lungs. Expiration is a process of expulsion of air from the lung. In this process the internal intercostals muscles contract and diphragam becomes original dome-shaped and the space inside thoracic cavity decreases, lungs are compressed and air is expelled out. In female diaphragm does not take part an important role in inspiration to prevent injury to foetus in uterus? Therefore, ribs play important role in female whereas diaphragm in male.

Pulmonary exchange of gases- External respiration takes place between blood in alveolar capillaries and the aeveiolar air. The partial pressure of O2(Po2)in the air alveolar air is 100mm Hg and in venous blood is 40mm Hg.So oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into venous blood in lungs. On the other hand, the partial pressure of CO2 or PCO2 into venous blood is 46mm Hg and in alveolar air is 40mm Hg. Therefore, CO2 diffuses from venous blood to alveolar air in lungs.However; N2 is physiologically inert with regard to respiration.

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