Answer Posted / hemant patel
Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished since
prehistoric times. When the first human beings realized
that they could plant their own crops and breed their own
animals, they learned to use biotechnology. The discovery
that fruit juices fermented into wine, or that milk could
be converted into cheese or yogurt, or that beer could be
made by fermenting solutions of malt and hops began the
study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that
they could make a soft, spongy bread rather than a firm,
thin cracker, they were acting as fledgling
biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that
different physical traits could be either magnified or lost
by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the
manipulations of biotechnology.
What then is biotechnology? The term brings to mind many
different things. Some think of developing new types of
animals. Others dream of almost unlimited sources of human
therapeutic drugs. Still others envision the possibility of
growing crops that are more nutritious and naturally pest-
resistant to feed a rapidly growing world population. This
question elicits almost as many first-thought responses as
there are people to whom the question can be posed.
In its purest form, the term "biotechnology" refers to the
use of living organisms or their products to modify human
health and the human environment. Prehistoric
biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise
bread dough and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and
bacterial cells to make cheeses and yogurts and as they
bred their strong, productive animals to make even stronger
and more productive offspring.
Throughout human history, we have learned a great deal
about the different organisms that our ancestors used so
effectively. The marked increase in our understanding of
these organisms and their cell products gains us the
ability to control the many functions of various cells and
organisms. Using the techniques of gene splicing and
recombinant DNA technology, we can now actually combine the
genetic elements of two or more living cells. Functioning
lengths of DNA can be taken from one organism and placed
into the cells of another organism. As a result, for
example, we can cause bacterial cells to produce human
molecules. Cows can produce more milk for the same amount
of feed. And we can synthesize therapeutic molecules that
have never before existed.
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