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Ahydrosere may begin in a pond or a lake. The H2O is deep in
the middle and become progressively shallow towards the
shore. The various stages and processes that lead to the
development of climax community in such a situation are
briefly described below:-
1. Submerged stage:- The area of the lake where the H2O is
more than 10ft. in depth is almost without any flowering
plants. Only algae grow here where the H2O is less than
10ft. deep, may be found entirely submerged plants and free
floating plants that are not rooted at the bottom. These are
represented by Polamogetn, Hydrilla, Vallisneria,
Utricularia and Zanichalla. Submerged Rannunculus and many
algae like Chara fit the H2O more or less completely with
tangled vegetation. These are pioneers of hydroseres. The
vegetation affects the habitats. The soil particles which
were eroded from the shore are floating about in the muddy
water. These are caught by the plant and deposited around
them at the bottom of lake. Some plant die their remains are
converted into this process of building the lake bottom
proceeds, the H2O becomes shallow and less fit for submerged
species and more suitable for the new invaders.
2. Floating stage :- As process of shallowing of H2O
proceeds, the submerged plants move into deeper H2O the area
once occupied by the submerged plants is now invaded by
species of floating plants, especially where the H2O is only
5ft. to 10ft. in depth. These plants roots at the bottom but
have stems or petioles which rise nearly to the top of H2O
that leaves float at one surface. The plants migrate from
shallow H2O mainly by means of rhizomes. The characteristic
plants of this stage are species? of Nymphea Patamogen and
R.aquatilis. the board leaves of many of these plants cut
off light from the submerged plants which finding the
conditions unfavorable must migrate to deeper H2O. these
plants continue further the process of building up of the
lake bottom with the result that the H2O becomes too shallow
and unsuitable for the floating species which would disappear.
1. Read Swamp Stage:- The H2O is new only 2 to 3ft. and at
most places less than life in depth. Invasion now becomes
possible for such plants as Typha and phargmite,
intermingled with Rumens, Eclipt and sagittaria. These plans
are rooted at the bottom and are partly submerged but their
shoots extend will above the H2O they cut off light from the
floating plants which now finding the habitant less
favorable migrate into deeper H2O in the wake of submerged
plants. These plants make the H2O still shallow by the
settling down of sedimentary material and the deposition of
plant humus. The habitat is consequently made fit for the
plant of the reed swamp stage and favorable for the marsh
meadow stage.
2. Marsh meadow stage :- the substratum now changes to a
marshy soil with water table just at the surface or it may
sometimes be covered with a few inches of H2O such a habitat
is too dry for the plants of preceding community and is
invaded by various spec ices of sedges. All these react upon
the habitat in several ways. They transpire enormous
quantities of H2O absorbed from soil and build up the soil
by accumulating the remains of dead plants and catching
water carried and wind borne soil. Hygrophyte can no longer
thrive in such a soil. These are gradually replaced by
shrubs and later by trees.
3. Woodland stage :- In a moist climate, the next stage is
woodland consisting of shurbas and trees. The pioneers this
will be those that can tolerate partial water conditions
around their roots. These woody plants react upon the
habitat like their processors, by and catching win borne
solid and accumulating plant debris. The previous occupants
now disappear being replaced by shade enduring herbs which
grow among the trees.
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