What is Latch Up? Explain Latch Up with cross section of a CMOS Inverter. How do you avoid Latch Up?
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Answer Posted / Yatendra Singh
Answer: Latch-up (or parasitic bipolar transistor effect) is a phenomenon in CMOS circuits where the parasitic bipolar transistors within the circuit can become active, causing excessive current flow and potentially damaging the device. This often occurs when the gate-to-source voltage of a PMOS transistor or the gate-to-drain voltage of an NMOS transistor exceeds their respective threshold voltages.nnHere's a cross-sectional diagram of a CMOS inverter showing the parasitic bipolar transistors:nn```plaintextn +-----+ +-----+ +n| In |----| NotIn|-------| Vcc |n +-----+ +-----+ +n | PNP|n +-----+ +n | NPN|n```nTo avoid latch-up, design techniques can be employed such as:
1. Ensuring that voltage levels do not exceed the threshold voltages of the PMOS and NMOS transistors.
2. Adding series resistors to limit current flow through parasitic bipolar transistors.
3. Using self-aligned double-poly process to reduce parasitic capacitances.
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