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Answer Posted / raghavendra tripathi
Archimedes Principle:-When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid at rest, it serms to lose a part of its weight which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Specific Gravity:-It is the ratio of the weight of any volume of substance to the weight of an equal volume of water at 4oc. It being a ratio is a pure number and this has no units. Specific gravity is sometimes called relative density
Density and Specific Gravity:-Density is mass per unit volume of a substance whereas sp.gr. is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at 4oc
Denity is expressed in units whereas specific gravity has no units.
Hydrometers:-These are the instruments used to find the specific gravity of liquids quickly and directly without calculations. They work on the principle of flatation. These are of two types
(i)constant weight but variable immersion instruments e.g. common hydrometer, Beaume’s hydrometer, tweddlell’s hydrometer and lactometer
(ii)Variable weight but constant immersion in struments e.g. Nicholson’s hydrometer
Common Hydrometer:-It consists of a large cylindrical hollow hub of glass connected to a small bulb at the lower end and to a large barrow tube of uniform base at the upper end. The lower bulb is filled with mercury. When hydrometer is in liquid. It floats upright. The highly to which liquid rises is indicated by the paper scale put inside the stem
Beaume’s Hydrometer:-Beaume’s hydrometer for fluids higher that water has stem graduation from 10 to 70. Reaching upon plugged in water is 10 and reaching is higher with lighter liquid. Another hydrometer is used for heavier liquids
Lactometer:-This used for testing milk adultration with water. Markings on the stem indicate the water milk ratio. This is not very reliable for testing of purity. If cream is taken out of milk the skimmed milk has higher density because cream is higher constituent.
Nicholson’s Hydrometer:-It is a hollow cylinder of metal, bottom of which is attached a conical pan filled with lead shots to keep the hydrometer floating upright. Attached to upper end of cylinder is a short thin metal rod called the stem which carries a scale pan the top. A mark M is serathed on the stem and the hydrometer is always made to sink up to this mark when immersed in any liquid. The instrument can be used to find density of solids as well as liquid
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