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Approximately 15 percent of people with Parkinson disease have a family history of this disorder. Familial cases of Parkinson disease can be caused by mutations in the LRRK2, PARK7, PINK1, PRKN, or SNCA gene, or by alterations in genes that have not been identified. Mutations in some of these genes may also play a role in cases that appear to be sporadic (not inherited).
Among familial cases of Parkinson disease, the inheritance pattern differs depending on the gene that is altered. If the LRRK2 or SNCA gene is involved, the disorder is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In most cases, an affected person has one parent with the condition.
If the PARK7, PINK1, or PRKN gene is involved, Parkinson disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. This type of inheritance means that two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. Most often, the parents of an individual with autosomal recessive Parkinson disease each carry one copy of the altered gene but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder.
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The ABO blood system has been employed to settle cases of disputed paternity. Suppose, as an expert in genetics, you are called to testify in a case where the mother is type A, the child is type O and the alleged father is type B. How would you respond to the following statements of the attornies: a. "Since the mother has type A, the type O of the child must have come from the father and since my client is type B, he obviously could not have fatered the child." Made by the attorney of the alleged father. b. "Further tests revealed that this man is heterozygous and therefore he must be the father." Made by the mother's attorney.
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