Answer Posted / shashi shekhar

For instance consider program1

main()
{
int x=50, y=70;
interchange(x,y);
printf(“x=%d y=%d”,x,y);
}

interchange(x1,y1)
int x1,y1;
{
int z1;
z1=x1;
x1=y1;
y1=z1;
printf(“x1=%d y1=%d”,x1,y1);
}

Here the value to function interchange is passed by value.

Consider program2

main()
{
int x=50, y=70;
interchange(&x,&y);
printf(“x=%d y=%d”,x,y);
}

interchange(x1,y1)
int *x1,*y1;
{
int z1;
z1=*x1;
*x1=*y1;
*y1=z1;
printf(“*x=%d *y=%d”,x1,y1);
}

Here the function is called by reference. In other words
address is passed by using symbol & and the value is
accessed by using symbol *.

The main difference between them can be seen by analyzing
the output of program1 and program2.

The output of program1 that is call by value is
x1=70 y1=50
x=50 y=70

But the output of program2 that is call by reference is

*x=70 *y=50
x=70 y=50

This is because in case of call by value the value is passed
to function named as interchange and there the value got
interchanged and got printed as

x1=70 y1=50

and again since no values are returned back and therefore
original values of x and y as in main function namely

x=50 y=70 got printed.

But in case of call by reference address of the variable got
passed and therefore what ever changes that happened in
function interchange got reflected in the address location
and therefore the got reflected in original function call in
main also without explicit return value. So value got
printed as *x=70 *y=50 and x=70 y=50

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