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Cells are in nonequilibrium, open systems. In what way is
thermodynamics useful in this situation?

Answer Posted / kurt heller

thermodynamics cn be used just like closed systems!

just assume that the cell is a closed system for a small
amount of time
it works in practice

a few years ago wwas published a book:
biological thermodynamics
by donald haynie

it contains fundamental theory AND many proctical examples

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