what is user mode & kernel mode?

Answer Posted / ajit mohan b

KERNEL-MODE

Kernel mode, also referred to as system mode, is one of the
two distinct modes of operation of the CPU in Linux. When
the CPU is in kernel mode, it is assumed to be executing
trusted software, and thus it can execute any instructions
and reference any memory addresses (i.e., locations in
memory). The kernel (which is the core of the operating
system and has complete control over everything that occurs
in the system) is trusted software, but all other programs
are considered untrusted software.

USER-MODE

User mode is the normal mode of operating for programs, web
browsers etc. They don't interact directly with the kernel,
instead, they just give instructions on what needs to be
done, and the kernel takes care of the rest. Kernel mode, on
the other hand, is where programs communicate directly with
the kernel. A good example of this would be device drivers.
A device driver must tell the kernel exactly how to interact
with a piece of hardware, so it must be run in kernel mode.
Because of this close interaction with the kernel, the
kernel is also a lot more vulnerable to programs running in
this mode, so it becomes highly crucial that drivers are
properly debugged before being released to the public.

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