Answer Posted / Abhinav Kukreti
Internetworking between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) networks enables seamless handovers and roaming between these two technologies. Here's a high-level overview of how it works:
1. IP mobility management: The handover process involves managing the mobility of user planes and control planes to ensure smooth transition between LTE and GSM networks.
2. Evolved packet core (EPC): In LTE, the EPC is responsible for packet routing and mobility management. It consists of the eNodeB (base station), Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving Gateway (S-GW), and Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW).
3. GSM network elements: In a GSM network, the key components are BTS (Base Transceiver Station), BSC (Base Station Controller), VLR (Visitor Location Register), HLR (Home Location Register), and MSC (Mobile Switching Center).
4. Interworking functions: The interworking function (IWF) is responsible for converting between the LTE-specific protocol stack and the GSM-specific protocol stack, enabling seamless handovers and roaming between the two technologies.
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