Answer Posted / poorna

Hey there are some logical rules.
2 statements are given.
The statements is known as premises

one conclusion (answer)

Premise starts with
ALL
NO
SOME
SOME NOT

Premise consists of SUBJECT and PREDICATE

Derivation of answers:

-----------------------------------------------------------|
Affirmative negative |
-----------------------------------------------------------|
Universal All No |
|
Particular Some Some not |
Many Many not |
-----------------------------------------------------------|


Middle term:

The word that occurs in both the premises is middle term.

RULE1:
THE ANSWER SHOULD NOT CONSIST OF MIDDLE TERM.

Eg:

all dogs are cats (universal affirmative sentence)
all cats are pigs (universal affirmative sentence)

here the MIDDLE TERM is CATS

SO, IN ANSWER, CATS SHOULD NOT COME (Acc to the rule)

Rule of distribution of subject and predicate:


------------------------------------------------------------
Subject Predicate
------------------------------------------------------------
Universal affirmative ˇ ×

Universal Negative ˇ ˇ

Particular affirmative × ×

Particular negative × ˇ

------------------------------------------------------------

Rule2
Every detuction must contain three and only three distinct terms

rule3
Middle term must be distributed at least once in premises

rule4
if one premise is negative, then the conclusion is neg

rule5
if one premise is particular, then the conclusion is particular.

rule6
if premises are negative / particular, no conclusion.

rule7
no term can be distributed inconclusionif it is not distributed in premises.

here
s p
all dogs are cats (universal affirmative sentence)

s p
all cats are pigs (universal affirmative sentence)

cats middle term

acc to the distribution rule, in universal affirmative,
subject is distributed and predicate is not distributed.

so
ˇ ×
dogs cats

ˇ ×
cats pigs

eliminating the middle term, we have
dogs pigs
s p


the middle term cat occurs in both the premises and distributed once in premise we can conclude as

ALL DOGS ARE PIGS.

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