Question { IBM, 73744 }

What is Normalization ?

Answer

Defination : Normalization is the process of efficiently
organizing data in a database. There are two goals of the
normalization process: eliminating redundant data (for
example, storing the same data in more than one table) and
ensuring data dependencies make sense (only storing related
data in a table). Both of these are worthy goals as they
reduce the amount of space a database consumes and ensure
that data is logically stored. There are several benefits
for using Normalization in Database.

Benefits :

Eliminate data redundancy
Improve performance
Query optimization
Faster update due to less number of columns in one table
Index improvement

Question { IBM, 79858 }

what is Constraint? How many types of constraints in SQL ?

Answer

SQL Server constraints allow you to enforce rules in your
database. These rules may affect business logic, database
integrity and/or table structures. Each one plays an
important role in your database architecture. The six types
of constraints supported by Microsoft SQL Server include:

UNIQUE constraints allow SQL Server administrators to
specify that a column may not contain duplicate values. When
you create a new UNIQUE constraint, SQL Server checks the
column in question to determine whether it contains any
duplicate values. If the table contains preexisting
duplicates, the constraint creation command fails.
Similarly, once you have a UNIQUE constraint on a column,
attempts to add or modify data that would cause duplicates
to exist also fail.
CHECK constraints allow you to limit the types of data
that users may insert in a database. They go beyond data
types and allow you to define the specific values that may
be included in a column.
DEFAULT constraints allow you to specify a value that
the database will use to populate fields that are left blank
in the input source. They're a replacement for the use of
NULL values that provide a great way to predefine common
data elements.
NOT NULL constraints allow you to specify that a column
may not contain NULL values. When you create a new NOT NULL
constraint on a database column, SQL Server checks the
column's current contents for any NULL values. If the column
currently contains NULL values, the constraint creation
fails. Otherwise, SQL Server adds the NOT NULL constraint
and any future INSERT or UPDATE commands that would cause
the existence of a NULL value fail.
PRIMARY KEY constraints specify fields that uniquely
identify each record in the table. It can either be a normal
attribute that is guaranteed to be unique (such as Social
Security Number in a table with no more than one record per
person) or it can be generated by the DBMS (such as a
globally unique identifier, or GUID, in Microsoft SQL
Server). Primary keys may consist of a single attribute or
multiple attributes in combination.
FOREIGN KEY constraints are fields in a relational
database table that match the primary key column of another
table. Foreign keys can be used to cross-reference tables.