Answer / Shashi Ranjan

HDFS ensures data integrity by employing multiple strategies. Firstly, it uses checksums for data verification while reading and writing data. Secondly, HDFS stores replicas of each block across different DataNodes to improve fault tolerance. Lastly, HDFS employs a mechanism called the Block-level Fault Tolerance where the NameNode maintains an edit log (Edits Log) that records changes in file metadata and block locations. This allows for the recovery of lost data blocks.

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