Answer Posted / Narendra Kumar Saini

"Confounding variables", also known as "confounders", are factors that can influence the relationship between two other variables in a study. They cause a spurious association, making it appear that there is a correlation between the variables when in fact there may not be. Confounders make it difficult to determine if the observed association between two variables is due to their actual causal effect on each other or due to an uncontrolled third variable. Examples include age and gender in a study of drug efficacy, where both might affect the outcome but are not part of the primary research question."n

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