Answer Posted / ravindramallikarjun

V-Model (software development)
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The V-model is a software development process which can be
presumed to be the extension of
the waterfall model. Instead of moving down in a linear way,
the process steps are bent upwards
after the coding phase, to form the typical V shape. The
V-Model demonstrates the relationships
between each phase of the development life cycle and its
associated phase of testing.

Requirement Analysis. Operational Testing
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\ /
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High Level Design Integration testing
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\ /
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Deaied Specification Unit testing
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Coding


Verification Phase
[edit] Requirements analysis
Main article Requirement See also Functional requirements
See also Non-functional requirements
In this phase, the requirements of the proposed system are
collected by analyzing the needs of the
user(s).
==
is concerned about establishing what the ideal system has to
perform. However,
it does not determine how the software will be designed or
built. Usually, the
users are interviewed and a document called the user
requirements document is
generated.
The user requirements document will typically describe the
system’s functional, physical,
interface, performance, data, security requirements etc as
expected by the user. It is one which
the business analysts use to communicate their understanding
of the system back to the users.
The users carefully review this document as this document
would serve as the guideline for the
system designers in the system design phase. The user
acceptance tests are designed in this
phase.
[edit] System Design
Main article Systems design
System engineers analyze and understand the business of the
proposed system by studying the
user requirements document. They figure out possibilities
and techniques by which the user
requirements can be implemented. If any of the requirements
are not feasible, the user is informed
of the issue. A resolution is found and the user requirement
document is edited accordingly.
The software specification document which serves as a
blueprint for the development phase is
generated. This document contains the general system
organization, menu structures, data
structures etc. It may also hold example business scenarios,
sample windows, reports for the
better understanding. Other technical documentation like
entity diagrams, data dictionary will also
be produced in this phase. The documents for system testing
is prepared in this phase.
[edit] Architecture Design
See also Computer architecture, Software architecture
This phase can also be called as high-level design. The
baseline in selecting the architecture is
that it should realize all which typically consists of the
list of modules, brief functionality of each
module, their interface relationships, dependencies,
database tables, architecture diagrams,
technology details etc. The integration testing design is
carried out in this phase.
[edit] Module Design
See also Modularity (programming)
This phase can also be called as low-level design. The
designed system is broken up in to smaller
units or modules and each of them is explained so that the
programmer can start coding directly.
The low level design document or program specifications will
contain a detailed functional logic of
the module, in pseudocode - database tables, with all
elements, including their type and size - all
interface details with complete API references- all
dependency issues- error message listingscomplete
input and outputs for a module. The unit test design is
developed in this stage.
[edit] Validation Phases
[edit] Unit Testing
Main article Unit Testing
In the V-model of software development, unit testing implies
the first stage of dynamic testing
process. According to software development expert Barry
Boehm, a fault discovered and corrected
in the unit testing phase is more than a hundred times
cheaper than if it is done after delivery to
the customer.
It involves analysis of the written code with the intention
of eliminating errors. It also verifies that
the codes are efficient and adheres to the adopted coding
standards. Testing is usually white box.
It is done using the Unit test design prepared during the
module design phase. This may be carried
out by software testers, software developers or both.
[edit] Integration Testing
Main article Integration testing
In integration testing the separate modules will be tested
together to expose faults in the
interfaces and in the interaction between integrated
components. Testing is usually black box as
the code is not directly checked for errors. It is done
using the integration test design prepared
during the architecture design phase. Integration testing is
generally conducted by software
testers.
[edit] System Testing
Main article System testing
System testing will compare the system specifications
against the actual system. The system test
design is derived from the system design documents and is
used in this phase. Sometimes system
testing is automated using testing tools. Once all the
modules are integrated several errors may
arise. Testing done at this stage is called system testing.
[edit] User Acceptance Testing
Main article Acceptance testing
Acceptance testing:
- To determine whether a system satisfies its acceptance
criteria or not.
- To enable the customer to determine whether to accept the
system or not.
- To test the software in the "real world" by the intended
audience.
Purpose of acceptance testing:
- To verify the system or changes according to the original
needs.
Procedures for conducting the acceptance testing:
Define the acceptance criteria:
- Functionality requirements.
- Performance requirements.
- Interface quality requirements.
- Overall software quality requirements.
Develop an acceptance plan:
- Project description.
- User responsibilities.
- Acceptance description.
- Execute the acceptance test plan.
[edit] Benefits
The V-model deploys a well-structured method in which each
phase can be implemented by the
detailed documentation of the previous phase. Testing
activities like test designing start at the
beginning of the project well before coding and therefore
saves a huge amount of the project time.
[edit] References
• Roger S. Pressman:Software Engineering: A Practitioner's
Approach, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, ISBN: 007301933X
• Mark Hoffman & Ted Beaumont: Application Development:
Managing the Project Life Cycle,
Mc Press, ISBN-10: 1883884454
• Boris Beizer: Software Testing Techniques. Second Edition,
International Thomson Computer
Press, 1990, ISBN 1-85032-880-3
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