Answer Posted / dheeraj thakur

What is an IP address?
This definition is based on Internet Protocol Version 4.
See Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) for a description of
the newer 128-bit IP address. Note that the system of IP
address classes described here, while forming the basis for
IP address assignment, is generally bypassed today by use
of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) addressing.
In the most widely installed level of the Internet Protocol
(IP) today, an IP address is a 32-bit number that
identifies each sender or receiver of information that is
sent in packets across the Internet. When you request an
HTML page or send e-mail, the Internet Protocol part of
TCP/IP includes your IP address in the message (actually,
in each of the packets if more than one is required) and
sends it to the IP address that is obtained by looking up
the domain name in the Uniform Resource Locator you
requested or in the e-mail address you're sending a note
to. At the other end, the recipient can see the IP address
of the Web page requestor or the e-mail sender and can
respond by sending another message using the IP address it
received.

An IP address has two parts: the identifier of a particular
network on the Internet and an identifier of the particular
device (which can be a server or a workstation) within that
network. On the Internet itself - that is, between
therouter that move packets from one point to another along
the route - only the network part of the address is looked
at.

IP V6 IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) is the latest
level of the Internet Protocol (IP) and is now included as
part of IP support in many products including the major
computer operating systems. IPv6 has also been called
"IPng" (IP Next Generation). Formally, IPv6 is a set of
specifications from the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). IPv6 was designed as an evolutionary set of
improvements to the current IP Version 4. Network hosts and
intermediate nodes with either IPv4 or IPv6 can handle
packets formatted for either level of the Internet
Protocol. Users and service providers can update to IPv6
independently without having to coordinate with each other.

The most obvious improvement in IPv6 over the IPv4 is that
IP addresses are lengthened from 32 bits to 128 bits. This
extension anticipates considerable future growth of the
Internet and provides relief for what was perceived as an
impending shortage of network addresses.

IPv6 describes rules for three types of addressing: unicast
(one host to one other host), anycast (one host to the
nearest of multiple hosts), andmulticast (one host to
multiple hosts). Additional advantages of IPv6 are:

Options are specified in an extension to the header that is
examined only at the destination, thus speeding up overall
network performance.
The introduction of an "anycast" address provides the
possibility of sending a message to the nearest of several
possible gateway hosts with the idea that any one of them
can manage the forwarding of the packet to others. Anycast
messages can be used to update routing tables along the
line.
Packets can be identified as belonging to a particular
"flow" so that packets thatare part of a multimedia
presentation that needs to arrive in "real time" can be
provided a higher quality-of-service relative to other
customers.
The IPv6 header now includes extensions that allow a packet
to specify a mechanism for authenticating its origin, for
ensuring data integrity, and for ensuring privacy.
What is a subnet mask?
A subnet mask allows you to identify which part of an IP
address is reserved for the network, and which part is
available for host use. If you look at the IP address
alone, especially now with classless inter-domain routing,
you can't tell which part of the address is which. Adding
the subnet mask, or netmask, gives you all the information
you need to calculate network and host portions of the
address with ease. In summary, knowing the subnet mask can
allow you to easily calculate whether IP addresses are on
the same subnet, or not.
What is ARP?
ARP is a very important part of IP networking. ARP is used
to connect OSI Layer 3 (Network) to OSI Layer 2 (Data-
Link). For most of us, that means that ARP is used to link
our IP addressing to our Ethernet addressing (MAC
Addressing). For you to communicate with any device on your
network, you must have the Ethernet MAC address for that
device. If the device is not on your LAN, you go through
your default gateway (your router). In this case, your
router will be the destination MAC address that your PC
will communicate with.
What is ARP Cache Poisoning?
ARP cache poisoning, also known as ARP spoofing, is the
process of falsifying the source Media Access Control (MAC)
addresses of packets being sent on an Ethernet network. It
is a MAC layer attack that can only be carried out when an
attacker is connected to the same local network as the
target machines, limiting its effectiveness only to
networks connected with switches, hubs, and bridges; not
routers.
What is the ANDing process?
Notice that when the resulting AND values are converted
back to binary, it becomes clear that the two hosts are on
different networks. Computer A is on subnet 192.168.56.0,
while the destination host is on subnet 192.168.64.0, which
means that Computer A will next be sending the data to a
router. Without ANDing, determining local and remote hosts
can be difficult. Once you’re very familiar with subnetting
and calculating ranges of addresses, recognizing local and
remote hosts will become much more intuitive.
Whenever you’re in doubt as to whether hosts are local or
remote, use the ANDing process. You should also notice that
the ANDing process always produces the subnet ID of a given
host.
What is a default gateway? What happens if I don't have
one?
In computer networking, a default network gateway is the
device that passes traffic from the local subnet to devices
on other subnets. The default gateway often connects a
local network to the Internet, although internal gateways
for connecting two local networks also exist.
Can a workstation computer be configured to browse the
Internet and yet NOT have a default gateway?
What is a subnet?
What is APIPA?
Short for Automatic Private IP Addressing, a feature of
later Windows operating systems. With APIPA, DHCP clients
can automatically self-configure an IP address and subnet
mask when a DHCPserver isn't available. When a DHCP client
boots up, it first looks for a DHCP server in order to
obtain an IP address and subnet mask. If the client is
unable to find the information, it uses APIPA to
automatically configure itself with an IP address from a
range that has been reserved especially for Microsoft. The
IP address range is 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254.
The client also configures itself with a default class B
subnet mask of 255.255.0.0. A client uses the self-
configured IP address until a DHCP server becomes
available.
The APIPA service also checks regularly for the presence of
a DHCP server (every five minutes, according to Microsoft).
If it detects a DHCP server on the network, APIPA stops,
and the DHCP server replaces the APIPA networking addresses
with dynamically assigned addresses.

APIPA is meant for nonrouted small business environments,
usually less than 25 clients.

What is an RFC? Name a few if possible (not necessarily the
numbers, just the ideas behind them)
Short for Request for Comments, a series of notes about the
Internet, started in 1969 (when the Internet was the
ARPANET). An Internet Document can be submitted to the IETF
by anyone, but the IETF decides if the document becomes an
RFC. Eventually, if it gains enough interest, it may evolve
into an Internet standard.
Each RFC is designated by an RFC number. Once published, an
RFC never changes. Modifications to an original RFC are
assigned a new RFC number.

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