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| Question |
How to compare two DNA sequences?
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| Answer | Suppose your sequences are stored in seq1.fna, seq2.fna.
Type the command line:
java -jar PH.jar -i seq1.fna -j seq2.fna
to compare the two sequences. If you are running the
PatternHunter demo version, replace "java -jar PH.jar"
with "ph".
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| Question |
Why was the PatternHunter software program developed?
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| Answer | Current software is too slow, runs out of memory and is
unreliable in many applications that compare large amounts
of data.
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| Question |
What is PatternHunter?
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| Answer | PatternHunter is a general purpose homology search
software. It is many times faster than Blast and is more
sensitive.
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| Question |
What is Pharmacogenetics?
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| Answer | Pharmacogenetics is a subset of pharmacogenomics which uses
genomic/bioinformatic methods to identify genomic
correlates, for example SNPs (Single Nucleotide
Polymorphisms), characteristic of particular patient
response profiles and use those markers to inform the
administration and development of therapies. Strikingly,
such approaches have been used to "resurrect" drugs thought
previously to be ineffective, but subsequently found to
work with in subset of patients. They can also be used for
optimizing the doses of chemotherapy for particular
patients.
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| Question |
What is Proteomics?
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| Answer | proteomics is "qualitative and quantitative studies of gene
expression at the level of the functional proteins
themselves" that is "an interface between protein
biochemistry and molecular biology".  |
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| Question |
What is Mathematical Biology?
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| Answer | Mathematical biology or biomathematics is an
interdisciplinary field of academic study which aims at
modeling natural, biological processes using mathematical
techniques and tools. It has both practical and theoretical
applications in biological research.
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| Nikhitha |
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| Question |
What is Cheminformatics? |
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| Answer | The combination of chemical synthesis, biological
screening, and data-mining approaches used to guide drug
discovery and development"
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| Answer | is the use of computer and informational techniques,
applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry.
These in silico techniques are used in pharmaceutical
companies in the process of drug discovery. These methods
can also be used in chemical and allied industries in
various other forms.  |
| Kiran |
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| Question |
How to detect the armillaria root disease?
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| Answer | Early symptoms of the disease can often be difficult to
detect but may include dieback of the limbs and branches,
yellowing of foliage, splits in the trunk of the infected
tree, poor vigour, exudates from the trunk (kino
production), scars may form on the trunk and darkening of
the larger roots.
Removal of the bark may reveal the presence of mycelial
fans ? these are large sheets of fungal growth, usually
white in colour, which will have a characteristic mushroom
odour. The surface of the affected timber is often pitted
in appearance.
The fungus produces mushrooms in May?June. These are olive
brown to yellow in colour, can be up to 12 cm in diameter
with a stipe (stalk) of up to 15 cm high, although usually
less. The stipe will have an annulus (the ring of tissue
around the stipe) that should be quite obvious. The spores
of the fungus are white and these often coat the surface of
the mushrooms.
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| Suvidha |
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| Question |
what are the symptoms of Ergot of wheat? |
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| Answer | At flowering a cloudy, tan, sticky "honeydew" may appear on
the florets, especially if the weather is humid. The most
noticeable signs of the disease, though, are the sclerotia
which protrude from the glumes and are produced as the host
plant matures. The sclerotia that contaminate harvested
grain are easily seen because they are dark.
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| Swapna |
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| Question |
what are the symptoms of clubroot of crucifers? |
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| Answer | The distinctive underground symptoms of club root have
earned it the nickname "fingers and toes". These symptoms
consist of swellings on the roots and occasionally on below
ground stems. Swellings range from small round enlarged
areas to large spindle-shaped galls. All or part of the
root system may be affected. In cases of mild infection no
above ground symptoms may be evident. In severe cases,
nutrient absorption and water uptake are disrupted and
above ground symptoms are those commonly associated with
nutrient deficiencies and drought stress. Plants may show
varying degrees of yellowing (chlorosis). Infected plants
may also wilt during the hot part of the day. Flagging,
wilting of uppermost leaves is common on young infected
plants. Premature death, stunting and reduced size and
quality of heads are also symptoms associated with club
root.  |
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| Question |
How to measure a disease? |
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| Answer | Epidemiologists use specific terminology to accurately
communicate magnitudes and potentials for disease
Incidence: the number or proportion of plant units diseased
Severity; the proportion of area or amount of plant tissue
that is diseased
Yield loss; the proportion of yield that a grower will not
be able to harvest due directly to the disease
Economic loss; the reduction in economic returns due to
disease. What about compensation of plants which results in
no yield loss though one has up to 50% plants lost due to
disease? Think about the "Green Revolution".
Economic threshold; when the amount of gain from control
equals the amount of estimated loss from the disease  |
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| Question |
Mention the symptoms of downy mildew of grapes? |
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| Answer | On leaves, young infections are very small, greenish-
yellow, translucent spots that are difficult to see. With
time the lesions enlarge, appearing on the upper leaf
surface as irregular pale-yellow to greenish-yellow spots
up to 1/4 inch or more in diameter. On the underside of the
leaf, the fungus mycelium (the "downy mildew") can be seen
within the border of the lesion as a delicate, dense, white
to grayish, cotton-like growth. Infected tissue gradually
becomes dark brown, irregular, and brittle. Severely
infected leaves eventually turn brown, wither, curl, and
drop. The disease attacks older leaves in late summer and
autumn, producing a mosaic of small, angular, yellow to red-
brown spots on the upper surface. Lesions commonly form
along veins, and the fungus sporulates in these areas on
the lower leaf surface during periods of wet weather and
high humidity.
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| Swapna |
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