a

c

[a] address lines

a

b

12 address lines can map to 4096 bytes of memory.
So Answer is [b].

Sorry i mistakenly wrote the answer [b] it is [d].

e

since capital letters are the complements...
(abcD+abcd)+(aBCd+aBCD)..taking them separately...
solving for the 1st bracket...abc(D+d)=abc{D+d=0}
solving for the 2nd bracket...aBC(d+D)=aBC{D+d=0}
==abc+aBC=a(bc+BC)
         =a*0
         =0

synchronization of multiple processes

variable used for synchronization of multiple processes

"A semaphore restricts the number of simultaneous users of 
a shared resource up to a maximum number. Threads can 
request access to the resource (decrementing the 
semaphore), and can signal that they have finished using 
the resource (incrementing the semaphore)."

referential structures

detachable unit of executable code

When a process is excecuting,it will be divided into sub 
tasks.Each sub task is known as a thread.
Simply thread is a light weight process...

A thread is a single sequence stream within a process. 
Threads are a way for a program to split itself into two or 
more simultaneously running tasks.

A 'process' is an execution stream in the context of a 
particular process state. 
An execution stream is a sequence of instructions. 
Process state determines the effect of the instructions. It 
usually includes (but is not restricted to): 
Registers 
Stack 
Memory (global variables and dynamically allocated memory) 
Open file tables 
Signal management information 
*Key concept: processes are separated: no process can 
directly affect the state of another process. 
->Process is a key OS abstraction that users see - the 
environment you interact with when you use a computer is 
built up out of processes. 
The shell you type stuff into is a process. 
When you execute a program you have just compiled, the OS 
generates a process to run the program. 
 even Your WWW browser is a process. 

b

12

1.Simplicity: SRAMs don't require external refresh 
circuitry or other work in order for them to keep their 
data intact. 
2.Speed: SRAM is faster than DRAM. 
MAin advantage is that
Static RAM is a type of RAM that holds its data without 
external refresh, for as long as power is supplied to the 
circuit. This is contrasted to dynamic RAM (DRAM), which 
must be refreshed many times per second in order to hold 
its data contents. SRAMs are used for specific applications 
within the PC, where their strengths outweigh their 
weaknesses compared to DRAM in terma of speed and sinplicity


          Let me know if there is any another view

May Be I think It needs synchronization.

the page id is not there in the page table.

If there are toomany page faults occuring then that leads 
to "Page Thrashing".
The problem of many page faults occurring in a short time, 
called “page thrashing,” can drastically cut the 
performance of a system. Programs that frequently access 
many widely separated locations in memory are more likely 
to cause page thrashing on a system.

synchronization