THIS IS THE MOTOR WHICH CAN BE RUN BY BOTH SUPPLY.MEANS BY 
AC AND DC.

split phase induction motors used in control system

Mr.Vinod sharma
I think the motor runs both in AC and DC is an UNIVERSAL 
motor.
i don know whether SERVO and UNIVERSAL is same.
Excuse me if my answer is wrong.

main points

1) It is used to control position, what ever the degree to 
stop the motor is accuracy.

yes

If i have learn the production planning and
controlling,maintenance of machine and quality control.

i am learn how to behave in company and how to face some 
problems and all

lightning aresster will protect the system from over voltage
normally design voltage is 80% of the maximum line to line 
voltage.

This is a human made ystem which protects the external part 
of building, tower, Mall etc from lightning which occurs 
during thunderstorms, and sometimes during volcanic 
eruptions or dust storms, due to an atmospheric discharge 
of electricity between cloud to cloud, clouds to earth.

lightning flow is mainly low resistance side(i.e 
TREE,CRANE,SUPPLY LINE).so only lightning arrester made 
with low resistances.It is the main reson to observe the 
lightnings.it Always fix the top of manual 
operating.lightning arrester used to protects the 
electrical equipment.

Lightning arrester is a protective device which conduct 
high voltages surges on the power system to the ground.It 
consists of spark gap which is connected in series with the 
non-variable resistance,its connection is that one end is 
connected  to the terminal of the equipment which is to be 
protected and other end is effectively grounded.

The property of non-variable resistance is that it offers 
low resistance when voltage is high.

lightning arrester is metallic device which is capable of
conducting electricity, which is placed above the multi
storeyed buildings and transformers and other receiving
stations,sub stations.the main purpose of lightning arrester
is to protect the buildings and equipments from
thunder&lightning during rainy seasons..this device will be
connected to the earth from the top of the building through
a wire,which is capable of sending high voltage into earth

LA is a non-linear resistor i.e. during normal condition it 
offer high resistance but during abnormal condition 
(abnormal voltage ) it acts as a low resistor thus allow 
the heavy fault current and provide path to ground.
It is pointed one as charge resides/attracted by pointed 
object and always placed at top of switchyard/building.

Lightning arrester is a device that is used for the
protection of electrcal devices and electrical system e.g at
the power station it is installed at power transformer ,
main purpose is to protect system against lightning impulse
.. it is non linear resistance normally open in case of
lightning impulse it grounds all the voltage and protects
systen against extra high voltage

it will carry the rated current contuniously

it is the 3 phase supply line. it carrying high voltage 
with constant current.

High current carrying conductor to which the breakers are 
connected in panels is called busbar.

Bus bar is Aluminium or copper flat/strip installed inside 
any panel for carrying current. Incomming suply comming 
into the panel through incomer (VCB/ACB/MCCB/MCB/Isolator)
and connected to this busbar. To this busbar all outgoing 
feeders are connected via breaker.
The busbar may be in LT or in HT panel.

Mostly Diode is using in Electrical Circuits across 
switches for reverse supply protection. means for reverse 
conduction control.

in order to avoid reverse flow of current

Because it opppose the flow of reverse current in the 
neutral circuit

two stroke engine has port and four stroke engine has
valve,thermal efficiency of four stroke engine is better
than two stroke engine,power produce by two stroke engine is
greater than four stroke engine.

theoratically-four stroke working cycle is completed in two
complete revolution of crank shaft but two stroke working
cycle is comleted in one revolution.
practically-in four stroke contains valves as inlet and
outlet valves but two stroke contains port like transfer
port,inlet port,outlet port.

Two stroke engine has ports inlet and outlet but on yhe 
other hand 4- stroke engine has valves inlet and outlet 
valves.
Two stroke engine complete its cycle or give one power 
stoke in one revolution of crankshaft but 4-stroke engine 
complete its cycle or give one power stoke in two 
revolution of crankshaft .
4-stroke has greater efficency than two stroke bcoz fuel 
wasting ratio is less in 4-stroke.
2-stroke has greater power than 4-stroke engine.

theoretically, 2 stroke engine has ports whereas, 4 stroke 
engine has valves. 2 stroke produces power for one 
revolution of crankshaft whereas, 4 stroke produces same 
power for two revolution of crankshaft.

practically, thermal eff. of 4 stroke is more than 2 stroke

Theoretically ,four stroke engine cycle is completed in two 
revolutions of the crankshaft where as two stroke engine 
cycle is completed in one revolution of the crankshaft 
Theoritically two stroke engine will produce the power of 
two times that of the fourstroke engine...but practically 
it is 1 to 1.5 times only...
          consruction of four stroke engine is very 
difficult than compare with the two stroke engine because 
of valve mechanism is present in the four stroke engine...
but two stroke engines are produced more pollution than 
that of four stroke engine...why because some of the flue 
gases are directly escapes through the ports of the two 
stroke engines..hence the usage of two stroke engines are 
banned...but these are esentially used in ships where the 
reversing of engine is necessary ..it is possible only by 
the two stroke engines not by the four stroke engine..
           Thermal efficiency of four engine is more than 
compared to two stroke engine.

1.  four stroke engine The 
cycle is completed in two 
revolution of crank shaft . & 
Two stroke engine The cycle 
is completed in one revolution 
of crank shaft .                        
 2. four stroke engine Lesser 
rate of wear & tear. &  Two 
stroke engine wear & tear 
rate is more .

Four stroke engine Initial cost high . & 
Two stroke engine Initial cost low .      
 2. Four stroke engine Running cost 
less .& Two stroke engine Running 
cost more .                                           
 3. Four stroke engine No need  of 
scavening .& Two stroke engine 
Need of scavening .

in 2 stroke engine all four cycle are completed in one 
revolution of cranshaft whereas in 4s all four cycle are 
completed in two two revolution of crankshaft. two stroke 
engine have better pimck up then four stroke engine.2s 
engine are more polluting ,noisy & fuel consumption compare 
to  four stroke

Ground Fault

not the ground fault, if its settings are kept low enough, 
it will operate for ground fault also. i am looking for 
some other answer.

through fault or external fault it won't operate.

no. i am asking abt the in-zone faults only. for what in-
zone faults or some conditions will it not operate.

Turn to turn fault it won't operate.
in other case if the neutral is grounded grounded through 
high impedance or Resisted earth fault it wouldn't be 
operate on ground fault.

hi zahid, thanks for the reply. can u pl elaborate a bit on 
why it wont operate on turn to turn faults or for other 
cases that u mentioned.

because there is no difference in the current at the ends 
of a winding with shorted turn: a turn fault would have to 
burn through major insulation to ground or another phase 
before it could be detected

does that mean that a shorted turn fualt wont be detected 
by any other relay too???

i want anser to all questions

give me all answer  
As soon as possible

Technical Interview Questions – Exchange 2003

1.	Tell me a bit about the capabilities of Exchange Server. 
2.	What are the different Exchange 2003 versions? 
3.	What's the main differences between Exchange 5.5 and
Exchange 2000/2003? 
4.	What are the major network infrastructure for installing
Exchange 2003? 
5.	What is the latest Exchange 2003 Service Pack? Name a few
changes in functionality in that SP. 
6.	What are the disk considerations when installing Exchange
(RAID types, locations and so on). 
7.	You got a new HP DL380 (2U) server, dual Xeon, 4GB of
RAM, 7 SAS disks, 64-bit. What do you do next to install
Exchange 2003? (you have AD in place) 
8.	Why not install Exchange on the same machine as a DC? 
9.	Are there any other installation considerations? 
10.	How would you prepare the AD Schema in advance before
installing Exchange? 
11.	What type or permissions do you need in order to install
the first Exchange server in a forest? In a domain? 
12.	How would you verify that the schema was in fact updated? 
13.	What type of memory optimization changes could you do
for Exchange 2003? 
14.	How would you check your Exchange configuration settings
to see if they're right? 
15.	 What are the Exchange management tools? How and where
can you install them? 
16.	 What types of permissions are configurable for Exchange? 
17.	How can you grant access for an administrator to access
all mailboxes on a specific server? 
18.	What is the Send As permission? 
19.	What other management tools are used to manage and
control Exchange 2003? Name the tools you'd use. 
20.	What are Exchange Recipient types? Name 5. 
21.	You created a mailbox for a user, yet the mailbox does
not appear in ESM. Why? 
22.	You wanted to change mailbox access permissions for a
mailbox, yet you see the SELF permission alone on the
permissions list. Why? 
23.	What are Query Based Distribution groups? 
24.	What type of groups would you use when configuring
distribution groups in a multiple domain forest? 
25.	Name a few configuration options for Exchange recipients. 
26.	What's the difference between Exchange 2003 Std. and
Ent. editions when related to storage options and size? 
27.	Name a few configuration options related to mailbox stores. 
28.	What are System Public Folders? Where would you find them? 
29.	How would you plan and configure Public Folder redundancy? 
30.	How can you immediately stop PF replication? 
31.	How can you prevent PF referral across slow WAN links? 
32.	What types of PF management tools might you use? 
33.	What are the differences between administrative
permissions and client permissions in PF? 
34.	How can you configure PF replication from the command
prompt in Exchange 2003? 
35.	What are the message hygiene options you can use
natively in Exchange 2003? 
36.	What are the configuration options in IMF? 
37.	What are virtual servers? When would you use more than one? 
38.	Name some of the SMTP Virtual Server configuration options. 
39.	What is a Mail Relay? Name a few known mail relay
software or hardware options. 
40.	What is a Smart Host? Where would you configure it? 
41.	What are Routing Groups? When would you use them? 
42.	What are the types of Connectors you can use in Exchange? 
43.	What is the cost option in Exchange connectors? 
44.	What is the Link State Table? How would you view it? 
45.	How would you configure mail transfer security between 2
routing groups? 
46.	What is the Routing Group Master? Who holds that role? 
47.	Explain the configuration steps required to allow
Exchange 2003 to send and receive email from the Internet
(consider a one-site multiple server scenario). 
48.	What is DS2MB? 
49.	What is Forms Based Authentication? 
50.	How would you configure OWA's settings on an Exchange
server? 
51.	What is DSACCESS? 
52.	What are Recipient Policies? 
53.	How would you work with multiple recipient policies? 
54.	What is the "issue" with trying to remove email
addresses added by recipient policies? How would you fix that? 
55.	What is the RUS? 
56.	When would you need to manually create additional RUS? 
57.	What are Address Lists? 
58.	How would you modify the filter properties of one of the
default address lists? 
59.	How can you create multiple GALs and allow the users to
only see the one related to them? 
60.	What is a Front End server? In what scenarios would you
use one? 
61.	What type of authentication is used on the front end
servers? 
62.	When would you use NLB? 
63.	How would you achieve incoming mail redundancy? 
64.	What are the 4 types of Exchange backups? 
65.	What is the Dial-Tone server scenario? 
66.	When would you use offline backup? 
67.	How do you re-install Exchange on a server that has
crashed but with AD intact? 
68.	What is the dumpster? 
69.	What are the e00xxxxx.log files? 
70.	What is the e00.chk file? 
71.	What is circular logging? When would you use it? 
72.	What's the difference between online and offline defrag? 
73.	How would you know if it is time to perform an offline
defrag of your Exchange stores? 
74.	How would you plan for, and perform the offline defrag? 
75.	What is the eseutil command? 
76.	What is the isinteg command? 
77.	How would you monitor Exchange's services and
performance? Name 2 or 3 options. 
78.	Name all the client connection options in Exchange 2003. 
79.	What is Direct Push? What are the requirements to run it? 
80.	How would you remote wipe a PPC? 
81.	What are the issues with connecting Outlook from a
remote computer to your mailbox? 
82.	How would you solve those issues? Name 2 or 3 methods 
83.	What is RPC over HTTP? What are the requirements to run it? 
84.	What is Cached Mode in OL2003/2007? 
85.	What are the benefits and "issues" when using cached
mode? How would you tackle those issues? 
86.	What is S/MIME? What are the usage scenarios for S/MIME? 
87.	What are the IPSec usage scenarios for Exchange 2003? 
88.	How do you enable SSL on OWA? 
89.	What are the considerations for obtaining a digital
certificate for SSL on Exchange? 
90.	Name a few 3rd-party CAs. 
91.	What do you need to consider when using a client-type AV
software on an Exchange server? 
92.	What are the different clustering options in Exchange
2003? Which one would you choose and why

What is the SYSVOL folder?
	The sysVOL folder stores the server's copy of the 
domain's public files. The contents such as group policy, 
users etc of the sysvol folder are replicated to all domain 
controllers in the domain. 
The sysvol folder must be located on an NTFS volume.

What are application partitions? When do I use them
	Application Directory Partition is a partition 
space in Active Directory which an application can use to 
store that application specific data. This partition is 
then replicated only to some specific domain controllers. 
The application directory partition can contain any type of 
data except security principles (users, computers, groups).

8.	How do you create a new application partition 

The DnsCmd command is used to create a new application 
directory partition. Ex. to create a partition 
named “newpartition “ on the domain controller DC.test.com, 
log on to the domain controller and type following command.
 
DnsCmd DC/createdirectorypartition NewPartition.test.com

NETSH commands will let you do everything you can do with 
the mmc snap-in, including the configuration and viewing of 
static or dynamic ipsecmain modesettings, quick mode 
settings, rules and configuration parameters. further, the 
netsh command also give you all the monitoring capabilities 
of the ip security monitor tool.

What is an IP address? 
 This definition is based on Internet Protocol Version 4. 
See Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) for a description of 
the newer 128-bit IP address. Note that the system of IP 
address classes described here, while forming the basis for 
IP address assignment, is generally bypassed today by use 
of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) addressing.
In the most widely installed level of the Internet Protocol 
(IP) today, an IP address is a 32-bit number that 
identifies each sender or receiver of information that is 
sent in packets across the Internet. When you request an 
HTML page or send e-mail, the Internet Protocol part of 
TCP/IP includes your IP address in the message (actually, 
in each of the packets if more than one is required) and 
sends it to the IP address that is obtained by looking up 
the domain name in the Uniform Resource Locator you 
requested or in the e-mail address you're sending a note 
to. At the other end, the recipient can see the IP address 
of the Web page requestor or the e-mail sender and can 
respond by sending another message using the IP address it 
received.

An IP address has two parts: the identifier of a particular 
network on the Internet and an identifier of the particular 
device (which can be a server or a workstation) within that 
network. On the Internet itself - that is, between 
therouter that move packets from one point to another along 
the route - only the network part of the address is looked 
at.

IP V6  IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) is the latest 
level of the Internet Protocol (IP) and is now included as 
part of IP support in many products including the major 
computer operating systems. IPv6 has also been called 
"IPng" (IP Next Generation). Formally, IPv6 is a set of 
specifications from the Internet Engineering Task Force 
(IETF). IPv6 was designed as an evolutionary set of 
improvements to the current IP Version 4. Network hosts and 
intermediate nodes with either IPv4 or IPv6 can handle 
packets formatted for either level of the Internet 
Protocol. Users and service providers can update to IPv6 
independently without having to coordinate with each other.

The most obvious improvement in IPv6 over the IPv4 is that 
IP addresses are lengthened from 32 bits to 128 bits. This 
extension anticipates considerable future growth of the 
Internet and provides relief for what was perceived as an 
impending shortage of network addresses.

IPv6 describes rules for three types of addressing: unicast 
(one host to one other host), anycast (one host to the 
nearest of multiple hosts), andmulticast (one host to 
multiple hosts). Additional advantages of IPv6 are:

Options are specified in an extension to the header that is 
examined only at the destination, thus speeding up overall 
network performance.
The introduction of an "anycast" address provides the 
possibility of sending a message to the nearest of several 
possible gateway hosts with the idea that any one of them 
can manage the forwarding of the packet to others. Anycast 
messages can be used to update routing tables along the 
line.
Packets can be identified as belonging to a particular 
"flow" so that packets thatare part of a multimedia 
presentation that needs to arrive in "real time" can be 
provided a higher quality-of-service relative to other 
customers.
The IPv6 header now includes extensions that allow a packet 
to specify a mechanism for authenticating its origin, for 
ensuring data integrity, and for ensuring privacy.
What is a subnet mask?
A subnet mask allows you to identify which part of an IP 
address is reserved for the network, and which part is 
available for host use. If you look at the IP address 
alone, especially now with classless inter-domain routing, 
you can't tell which part of the address is which. Adding 
the subnet mask, or netmask, gives you all the information 
you need to calculate network and host portions of the 
address with ease. In summary, knowing the subnet mask can 
allow you to easily calculate whether IP addresses are on 
the same subnet, or not. 
What is ARP? 
ARP is a very important part of IP networking. ARP is used 
to connect OSI Layer 3 (Network) to OSI Layer 2 (Data-
Link). For most of us, that means that ARP is used to link 
our IP addressing to our Ethernet addressing (MAC 
Addressing). For you to communicate with any device on your 
network, you must have the Ethernet MAC address for that 
device. If the device is not on your LAN, you go through 
your default gateway (your router). In this case, your 
router will be the destination MAC address that your PC 
will communicate with.
What is ARP Cache Poisoning? 
ARP cache poisoning, also known as ARP spoofing, is the 
process of falsifying the source Media Access Control (MAC) 
addresses of packets being sent on an Ethernet network. It 
is a MAC layer attack that can only be carried out when an 
attacker is connected to the same local network as the 
target machines, limiting its effectiveness only to 
networks connected with switches, hubs, and bridges; not 
routers.
What is the ANDing process? 
Notice that when the resulting AND values are converted 
back to binary, it becomes clear that the two hosts are on 
different networks. Computer A is on subnet 192.168.56.0, 
while the destination host is on subnet 192.168.64.0, which 
means that Computer A will next be sending the data to a 
router. Without ANDing, determining local and remote hosts 
can be difficult. Once you’re very familiar with subnetting 
and calculating ranges of addresses, recognizing local and 
remote hosts will become much more intuitive.
Whenever you’re in doubt as to whether hosts are local or 
remote, use the ANDing process. You should also notice that 
the ANDing process always produces the subnet ID of a given 
host.
What is a default gateway? What happens if I don't have 
one? 
In computer networking, a default network gateway is the 
device that passes traffic from the local subnet to devices 
on other subnets. The default gateway often connects a 
local network to the Internet, although internal gateways 
for connecting two local networks also exist.
Can a workstation computer be configured to browse the 
Internet and yet NOT have a default gateway? 
What is a subnet? 
What is APIPA? 
Short for Automatic Private IP Addressing, a feature of 
later Windows operating systems. With APIPA, DHCP clients 
can automatically self-configure an IP address and subnet 
mask when a DHCPserver isn't available. When a DHCP client 
boots up, it first looks for a DHCP server in order to 
obtain an IP address and subnet mask. If the client is 
unable to find the information, it uses APIPA to 
automatically configure itself with an IP address from a 
range that has been reserved especially for Microsoft. The 
IP address range is 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254. 
The client also configures itself with a default class B 
subnet mask of 255.255.0.0. A client uses the self-
configured IP address until a DHCP server becomes 
available.
The APIPA service also checks regularly for the presence of 
a DHCP server (every five minutes, according to Microsoft). 
If it detects a DHCP server on the network, APIPA stops, 
and the DHCP server replaces the APIPA networking addresses 
with dynamically assigned addresses.

APIPA is meant for nonrouted small business environments, 
usually less than 25 clients.

What is an RFC? Name a few if possible (not necessarily the 
numbers, just the ideas behind them) 
Short for Request for Comments, a series of notes about the 
Internet, started in 1969 (when the Internet was the 
ARPANET). An Internet Document can be submitted to the IETF 
by anyone, but the IETF decides if the document becomes an 
RFC. Eventually, if it gains enough interest, it may evolve 
into an Internet standard.
Each RFC is designated by an RFC number. Once published, an 
RFC never changes. Modifications to an original RFC are 
assigned a new RFC number.