RAM Cells are constructed with capacitors and they need 
refreshing on the other hand cache cells are made of FLIP 
Flops which do not require any refreshing.

One type of memory currently of interest utilizes magnetic
tunneling junctions in the memory cells. A magnetic
tunneling junction typically includes two ferromagnetic
layers separated by a thin insulating layer. The insulating
layer is thin enough to allow charge carriers to tunnel
between the ferromagnetic layers. One ferromagnetic layer
has its magnetization fixed, or pinned, in place. This is
typically accomplished using an antiferromagnetic layer. The
other ferromagnetic layer has a magnetization that can
rotate in response to an applied magnetic field. The
resistance of the magnetic tunneling junction depends upon
the orientation of the magnetic tunneling junctions. Thus in
order to store data in the magnetic tunneling junction, a
magnetic field is applied to rotate the magnetization of one
of the layers. Typically, the magnetization of one
ferromagnetic layer will be rotated to be parallel or
anti-parallel to the magnetization of the other
ferromagnetic layer. The magnetic tunneling junction will
thus be in either a low resistance (magnetizations parallel)
or a high resistance (magnetizations antiparallel) state to
represent a “0” or a “1”, respectively. A signal
corresponding to the resistance is developed in order to
indicate the value of the data stored.


Improvements in microprocessor designs has lead to
microprocessors with a high operating frequency. Current
microprocessor designs exceed operating frequencies of 100
megahertz ("MHz"). However, the increase in operating
frequency has not lead to excepted performance gains. One of
the main components affecting performance gains is created
by the microprocessor execution units idling during delays
in external memory access. The delays in external memory
access are caused by the inductive losses associated with
off chip transmissions. The delays in external memory access
are also caused by the conventional design characteristics
of static random access memory ("SRAM") cells and dynamic
random access memory ("DRAM") cells.

To counteract the performance losses associated with
external memory access conventional microprocessor designs
developed cache systems. The cache systems store copies of
external data internal to the microprocessor, thus avoiding
the performance loss created by accessing external memory.
One disadvantage of the conventional cache system is that
the cache systems requires consistent updating to ensure
data coherency. Because the updating process requires access
to external memory intermittent delay cycles still exists
within the microprocessor.

FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art cache system. Processor 100
is coupled to external memory 120 via XBUS 130. Using XBUS
130, processor 100 is able to store and retrieve data from
external memory 120. Processor 100 also includes cache 110.
Cache 110 is used to store copies of data included in
external memory 120, thus reducing processor 100 access to
external memory 120. By reducing the frequency of access to
external memory 120, processor 100 reduces idle cycles, thus
increasing the throughput of executions within processor 100. 

Mahogany: Fine grained, reddish brown in color. Very durable
and resists swelling shrinking, and warping. Used for
quality furniture such as cabinets; boat construction; wood
facings and veneers.

Walnut: Fine textured, strong, easy to work with and resists
shrinking and warping and finishes well. Best used for
gunstocks, solid and veneered furniture, novelties,
cabinetry and wall paneling.

Oak: Strong with good bending qualities. Is durable and
finishes well and resists moisture absorption. Used for
furniture, trimming, boat framing, desks and flooring.

Maple: Fine textured and is fine textures. It is strong and
hard. Has moderate shrinkage and machines well. Best used in
flooring, fine furniture and woodenware such as bowling alleys.

Cherry: Close-grained and resists warping and shrinking. It
will redden when exposed to sunlight and ages well. Used in
cabinet making, boat trim, novelties, solid furniture
handles and turned projects.

Rosewood: Very hard and has a dark reddish brown color. It
is fragrant and close grained. It is hard to work and takes
high polish. Used in musical instruments, piano cases, tool
handles, art projects, veneers and furniture.

Teak: Hard and durable and resistant the moisture and rot.
It resists warping, cracking and decay. Best used in fine
furniture, paneling, shipbuilding, doors, window framing,
flooring and general construction.

flying buttresses and pointed arches, stained glass 
windows, precisely rose window.These are the major elements 
as observed in gothic style.
Ekta vohra

this allowed the once dim Romanesque Cathedral to be 
transformed into a very bright and warm feeling  Gothic 
Cathedral.   These churches also reflect the wealth and 
influence of the church in the Middle Ages.  Many of these 
churches and cathedrals took over a century to build.