Only 5300 Per month, Very less. Shame on Caretel ( comp 
operating kisan call center

B.Sc Agri, M.Sc Agri

Kisan call center is the Toll free helpline ( 1551 ) set up 
by MOA . Farmer call through their landline for free of 
cost. Agri- Expert at the other other give reply and 
solution to their problem.

Minstry of Agriculture Set up  instrastructure to help 
farmers. KISAN CALL CENTER Experts are Graduate and post 
Graduates in their Subject matter of Agriculture. They are 
helping farmer since 2004 . Even a Scientist cannot give 
such information to farmer because KCC Experts are very 
Deep knwlgde and direct interaction with farmer.
 But MOA outsource the contract of Employement to Caretel . 
So Caretel Pay very less salry to KCC Agents i.e  Rs 8300 
in hand. On the other hand Caretel start new funda. Caretel 
doesnt pay anything for extra work or work done on public 
holiday or on gazetted holiday. The KCC agents work from 6 
Am to 10 Pm but no shift Allowance being paid to KCC Agents.
  The Kisan Call center is now converted into Test calls 
for Caretel . The primary objective of Kisan Call center is 
to provide infoarmtion to Farmer . But now these Caretel 
officer make it call center like AIRTEL and VODAPHONE where 
a + 2 Pass give welcome address.
 Kisan Call center is not a call center , it is Agriculture 
inforamtion center. So there shld not be any welcome 
address.
Moreover If you do not pay Right Salary to KCC agents than 
Govt is loosing  expert knowldge. 
Also Living cost is very high in every Capital accorss 
country. No HRA is being Paid. Caretel make profit from its 
business but not increment or bonous is being paid to its 
staff ( KCC)
KCC Agents are honourd B.Sc Agri and M.Sc Agri, But there 
designation are CSR. Their future is not clear. 
How country farmer can expect good knowldge ?? 

We recommend that govt should undertake KCC agents . Govt 
pay Salary . Other thing shld remain same.

Every month there shld be tranining of KCC Agents in their 
respective Agri Univeristy.

No one shld allowed to make test calls, or any kind of 
welcome address , Becoz welcome address look commercail.

Any other suggestion are also welcome.

i don't know the right answer 
    but i think dhoop garh

name

Shajan

The bacteria, living in the roots of these plants, collects
nitrogen from the air. The nitrogen this collected improves
the fertility if the soil.

Soil is made up of unorganic and organic compounds air and water
(containing substances). Micro organisms both animals and
plants, are also present in it. The relative proportion of
the various components varies greatly depending upon the
nature of the soil, its depth and the state of its
irrigation. As average garden  soil has the following
composition-(In this living organisms are not taken into
account)-

      Mineral matter                         = 40%   by  volume
      Water                                       = 25%   by
 volume
      Air                                            =25%  
 by  volume
      Organic matter                        =  10%   by  volume
               Soil erosion is the loss of fertile top-soil.
The main agents which bring about soil erosion are  water
and wind. The following are the main factors which caused
soil erosion-

(a)	Overgrazing of grass lands
(b)	Destruction of forests
(c)	Destruction of wild lives
(d)	Improper methods of agriculture.
         
          Human beings ate completely dependent upon the 
soil for our basic needs (e.g.  food, clothes, material used
in building etc). Which  the loss of the valuable upper
layer of the soil are also lost the best guarantees of
continuous supply of food and  humber. Therefore it is
necessary for  us to protect the soil against loss. The
protection termed as soil conservation. As a result of
unchecked soil erosion large area in India, Africa, China
and Latin America have been converted into deserts of rock
and shifting sand

            Following ate the few important methods which
are used for soil conservation-

(a)	Replanting of forests and growing grass-lands.
(b)	Contour planting
(c)	Strip Cropping
(d)	Terracing
(e)	Control of grazing
(f)	Rotation of Crops
(g)	Construction of soil saving dam.

Rotation of Crops:-  It is the old practice to grow crops in
regular order on the same area over a  period of years. In
crop rotation the sowing of leguminous crops such as
peanuts, grams, beans, alfalfa, pluses, pea etc.. as a part
of the rotational programme restores the much needed
nitrogen compounds of the soil. This is due to the fact that
they are able to fix free nitrogen. In crops rotation such
crop as maize, potatoes ,cotton or other vegetable crops
which deplete the soil and ate cultivated to leave bare soil
may be grown in the first year, while wheat, oat, or may
other grain crop in the next year

jmntu

Seasons:--Seasons are those periods of the year which are
characterized by special climate conditions  mainly caused
by the inclination of the earth?s axis to the plane of
Ediptic and the revolution of the earth about the sum

                    In the temperature region, there are
four seasons, each of three month?s  duration are generally
recognized. In northern hemisphere:
Spring includes -  March, April  and  May
Rain includes ? June,  July and  August
Winter includes ? December,  January and February.

                   Where the oceanic influence is
considerable (as in Great Britain) the seasonal variations
ate not nearly so large as seen in interior of the
continents. More over their change form season to season is
much more gradual. In our country, the duration of a year is
divided into cold season hot season and rainy season . In
polar regions, the changes between winter and summer take
place so abruptly that spring and autumn are hardly identifiable

The main absorbing organs of plants are roots and leaves.
Roots absorb water and inorganic salts absorbed in large
quantities while various inorganic salts are absorbed  in
small amount in the from if dilute solution by the process
of osmosis.

        Oxygen and Carbon dioxide of air is utilized by
plants. Oxygen is absorbed and utilized by all living cells
of plants for its respiration but carbon dioxide is absorbed
only by the green cells for manufacture of food material.

Osmosis :-By process of osmosis we mean, the selective
transmission of a solvent in preference to solute through a
membrane called semipermeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure :-It is that pressure till the osmosis
continues, as hydrostatic pressure due to accumulated flow
of solvent. It is the maximum value to stop the further
flow. The osmosis pressure is greater if the concentration
if a solution is high.
Importance of Osmosis in life pf plants:- Root hairs absorb
water from the soil through this process. parenchymatous
cells absorb water from xylem vessels through this process
Osmosis gives turgidity to plant with the result some kinds
of movements are observed in plant organs.

Turgidity:- It is the condition when cell absorbs more and
more of water by osmosis with the result protoplasm is
pushed outward against cell wall. Cell wall is also in state
of tension as there is excess of water on the cell. During
Turgidity two pressures are observed.

(1)Turger pressure or outward pressure:-Which is exerted on
the cell wall by fluid contents of the cell
(2)wall pressure or inward  pressure:- Which is exerted on
by the stretched  cell wall on the cell contents. In this
way a state of equilibrium id maintained between these

Importance of Turgidity:-It is responsible for different
kinds of movement of plant organs.
(1)It is helpful in ell to cell. Osmosis in plants.
(2)Turgidity gives rigidity to the growing regions. And also
to soft parts of the plants.

It is present in the form of inorganic and organic compounds
in the soil. Nitrogen is present in the inorganic from as
nitrates and nitrites id calcium and potassium, and in the
form  of proteins as organic compounds. The nitrogen-present
in the soil is used by the green plants. The ammonia
converted by nitrifying bacteria into nitrates and this
process is known as Nitrification. There are  denitrifying
bacteria which disintegrates some amount of ammonia into
free nitrogen which escapes into atmosphere. This process is
known as Denitrification

               By discharge of electricity in the atmosphere
and by activity of symbiotic and saprophytic bacteria the
free nitrogen of air is fixed.

              Saprophytic bacteria like Azotobacter and
Clostrium helps in fixing the Nitrogen of air

              Roots of leguminous plants some swelling
called nodules. In these nodules are present some of the
bacteria which help in fixing the nitrogen, leguminous
plants supply the  plants nitrogenous food. So these two are
mutually benefited to each other. This relationship is known
as Symbiosis.

Nitrogen Cycle:-There is regular circulation of nitrogen
through the air, soil and plants and animals. Free nitrogen
of atmosphere is brought down by certain natural devices
into the soil as ultimate products of nitrate and nitrite.
The plants absorb these nitrates and in their body these
nitrates are changed to proteins. Animals take these plant
proteins and after the death and decay of plants and animals
these proteins are again turned back to nitrates and
nitrites and again plants absorb these. At the same time
some of the ammonium compunds present in the soil are
disintegrated by denitrifying bacteria into free Nitrogen
which escapes into air

Chemical analysis of different plants reveal that about 40
elements are present in  plants. These are carbon. Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulphar, Phosphorus, Calcium, Potassium,
Sodium, Magnesium, Iron, Cholrine, Silicon etc.. Some trace
elements trace elements are also present e.g. manganese,
Zinc, copper molybdate, Aluminium.

There are number of mechanism by which seeds and fruits are
dispersed. Some of which are as follows

(1)Fruits and seed dispersed by wind :- There are number of
adaptations e.g. wings, pappus, hairs etc.. Which help the
seeds and fruits to be dispersed by wind to longer or
shorter distances.
(2) Seeds and fruits dispersed by water :- In certain fruits
and seeds have floating devices which help them to be
carried away by water here and there. The fibrous fruit of
coconut is capable of floating long distances in sea without
suffering any injury. Lotus also floats on the surface of
water and moved here and there by  wind or water current.
(3)Explosive fruits dispersed fruits:- Some of the seeds are
scattered on all the sides when some of fruits burst with a
sudden jerk examples are jasmine. Coster etc..
(4)Fruits and seeds dispersed by Animals:- Some fruits and
seeds stick to the body of wooly animals or even to clothing
of  mankind because these fruits are provided with  hooks,
harbs stiff hairs and sticky glands on their surface e.g.
fruit of anthium or urena are covered with number of hooks
(5)Some birds, squirrels and human being are also useful
agents in dispersing the seeds and fruits to wider areas.

This group comprises number of types which are as follows:-
(1)	Achence e.g. Clamatis
(2)	Caryopsis e.g. rice wheat maize
(3)	Cypsela e.g. Cosmos, marigold
(4)	Nut   e.g. Cashewnut, oak etc.
(5)	Samara  e.g.  Hope, wood oil tree
(6)	Schizocarp  e.g. carrot castor
Fleshy fruits :-These comprise following types

(1)	Drupe e.g. mango, coconut  palm, almond etc
(2)	Becca or Berry e.g. Tomato, banana, guava, papay etc.
(3)	Pepo e.g. melon, water melon, ground, cucumber.
(4)	Pome e.g. apple and pear
(5)	Hesperidium e.g. orange, lemon etc..

   Sometimes simple fruits collect together t from aggregate
of fruits. These simple fruits developed from an apocarpous
pistil of a flower.