Before establishmest of business, spend some amount i.e 
called capital exoenditure. 
like Registration expenses

All capital expenditures are deferred in nature because 
capital expenditures are incurred for the useful life of 
the asset which is generally more than a year. Thats why 
there is no concept of Deferred capital expenditure.

This is type of expendeture used for Long time(Assets) 
purchage, maintainance and etc. Examples are
Purchage a vehical for org. purpose
Machinary

capital expenditure is a type of expenditure for long term 
period

Under the 1956 companies act:
public limited company means, it have minimum 50 memners 
and maximum unlimited.
private companymeans,it will start with minimum 2 members 
butnot exceed the fifty members.

Under the 1956 companies act:
public limited company means, it have minimum 50 memners 
and maximum unlimited.
private companymeans,it will start with minimum 2 members 
butnot exceed the fifty members

In Public Company Minimum capital requirement is Rs. 5 
lakhs but in pvt. ltd. co. minimum capital requirement is 
Rs.1 lac, in public co. minimum no. of directors is 3 but 
in pvt. ltd. co. its 2 only, in public co. there is no 
restriction on the transfer of shares but  in pvt. ltd. co. 
there is restriction on the transfer of shares.

u r telling the difference bw the two....

ans is a pvt co is one in which applications are invited 
from pvt sector only......

and on public co...app r invited from the general 
public...etccc

in public co. the shares are trasferable whereas is pvt co. 
shares not tranferable to the members.

Private company means a company which has a minimum paid-up 
capital of one lakh rupees , restricts the right to 
transfer its shares,  limits the number of its members to 
fifty  and prohibits any invitation to the public to 
subscribe for any shares or debentures of the company and 
also prohibits any invitation or acceptance of deposits 
from persons other than its members, directors or their 
relatives. to form a private company only 2 members are 
required.
A minimum of 7 members are required to form a public 
limited company.It must have minimum paid-up capital of Rs 
5 lakhs. There is no restriction on maximum number of 
members. The shares allotted to the members are freely 
transferable.These companies can raise funds from general 
public through open invitations by selling its shares or 
accepting fixed deposits.These companies are required to 
write either ‘public limited’ or ‘limited’ after their names

Internal Audit is an audit that an organization carries out 
on its own behalf, normally to ensure that its own internal 
controls are operating satisfactorily.

internal audit is a type of audit which is done through out 
the year by an auditor appointed by the company  internally 
and the auditor verify the accounts then and there.

Internal Audit is an audit which an organization carries 
out 
on its own behalf, normally to ensure that its own internal 
controls are operating satisfactorily.
eg:risk management, facilities managemeny, public sector, 
buisness planning, financial management

An audit performed by a person (or persons) employed by the firm being audited.

Internal Audit not only encopasses checking matter relating
to pure finance, but also reviews and undertakes a critical
appraisal of the policies and procedures of the company. It
helps in maximizing organizational effectiveness.

internal audit is an independent appraisal activity within 
an organisation for the review of accountany,financial and 
other operations as a basis for service to the management. 
It is a managerial control which functions by evaluating 
and measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of other 
controls.

Internal audit is an independent appraisal of activity
within the organisation by specially assigned staff.

Internal Audit is conducted within the organisation to find 
and detect defaults,mistakes in accounting.It can be done 
at any time .

internal audit is appraising the financial health of the operations of an organization. auditing made by it internal auditor

authorized capital is capital in which the company can 
issue it is maxium limit. up to this limit the company can 
issue its shares according to the requirement.

but issued capital means the shares already issued to 
public and the share amount is already collected from the 
public by the company. these shares are already in the 
secondary market.

Authorised capital:The company is registered with this 
amount of capital.this is the maximum limit of the capital  
&                                                           
                                                            
 Issued capital:it is part of authorised capital of the 
company which has been offered to the public for 
subcription of cash including share allotted to vendors for 
consideration other than cash.

Profit & loss

it shows in trading a/c and in balance sheet also

closing stock a/c dr
to trading a//c

Closing Stock in enter in Trading A/c.of Credit Side and 
also showing in Balance sheet of Assets Side.

Closing Stock in enter in Trading A/c. or P/L A/c of Credit 
Side and 
also showing in Balance sheet of Assets Side.

As everybody said it is placed in trading account.I would 
like to give some expalnation regarding the answer
1.It is placed in credit side of Trading account.It means  
the trader deducting the remaing portion of stocks lying 
with him by placing it on credit side.You can understand it 
as balancing system.
2.The same quantity with value will be again placed under 
assets side of the balance Sheet.The remaing portio of 
purchased stocks are lying with him. Traeting it as asset 
we will keep them under asset side

credit side of trading account & assets side of BalanceSheet

credit side of trading account and assets side of 
balancesheet.

In trading account credit side & in the balance sheet asset side

FBT will be paid on the exp. which have been shown in the 
P/L a/c for the relevant period i.e . For the purpose of 
FBT Advance calculation exp. will be taken on accrual basis

Yes, we can give more than Rs.20,000, if the business is 
not have any loss eventhough we pay Rs.20,000

No.eventhough firm in profit, we can give the amount 
through cheque if the amount is more than Rs.20000/-

Hard currency or strong currency, in economics, refers to a 
globally traded currency that can serve as a reliable and 
stable store of value. Factors contributing to a currency's 
hard status can include political stability, low inflation, 
consistent monetary and fiscal policies, backing by 
reserves of precious metals, and long-term stable or upward-
trending valuation against other currencies on a trade-
weighted basis

In the foreign exchange market and international finance, a 
world currency or global currency refers to a currency in 
which the vast majority of international transactions take 
place and which serves as the world's primary reserve 
currency.