Master Data: Data which seldom changes.
For example, if a company has a list of 5 customer then they
will maintain a customer master table having the name and
address of the customers alongwith other data which will
remain permanent and is less likely to change.

Transaction Table: Data which frequently changes. For
example, the company is selling some materials to one of the
customer.So they will prepare a sales order for the
customer. When they will generate a sales order means they
are doing some sales transactions.Those transactional data
will be stored in Transactional table.

Organisational data: Data related to the organisation like
the structure of the organisation i.e. to say the hierarchy
etc is the organisational data.

System data: Data related to the system you are using like
the status of the system etc is the system data stored in
the system table.