1. The total number of options and/or futures contracts 
that are not closed or delivered on a particular day.

2. The number of buy market orders before the stock market 
opens.

1. A common misconception is that open interest is the same 
thing as volume of options and futures trades. This is not 
correct as demonstrated in the following example:



On Jan 1, A buys an option, which leaves an open interest 
and also creates trading volume of 1.
On Jan 2, C and D create trading volume of 5 and there are 
also 5 more options left open.
On Jan 3, A takes an offsetting position and therefore open 
interest is reduced by 1, and trading volume is 1.
On Jan 4, E simply replaces C and therefore open interest 
does not change, trading volume increases by 5.

question:- Defination of Book keeping:-
answer :- Book keeping is a syntific method to record day 
to day business transaction in words & in figures so as to 
show the correctly & clear financial position of business.

Hi,

Owner and the Company/Firm are both the different entities. 
Owner's Equity itself is a liability for the firm/Company 
as the owner has invested it into the firm.

Hope this helps.

Thanks,
Abhijit

liabilities means any amount borrowed from outside, it
involves all current liability, long term loans, payment
dues etc. on the other hand owner's equity means interest of
owner in business. like the amount of profit.
thanks
prateek srivastava
9828083910

The risk and returns in any financial instrument have a 
direct relationship.i.e. higher the risk, higher is the 
returns. 
In the case of indian economy growing at the rate of app. 9 
to 10%,where the indian corporate sectors have major 
contribution.Putting the money in such a financial products 
which invest the money in such sector, will give more 
returns.Also it seems less risky considering the global 
economic scenario.
Also the money management by expert will certainly minimise 
the risk as compared to the investment by yourself.
The returns you get in such instruments is as good as 20-
50% of your invested amount. 
so taking little more risk, you can at least double the 
returns.

if u invest in mutual fund u will recieve fluctuating 
dividend every month for e.g-(LIC MIP-monthly income plan) 
and there r many schemes r there. And the benifit is u will 
recieve dividend and also more amt. as compare to ur 
invested amt.And in bank u will get 9.5% when u invest in 
FDR. And here u can with draw ur money any time.

its totally depends upon the risk appetite of the customer. 
if a person is young they he should opt for more risk for 
more return and vise versa.

Investing in a Nationalised bank which give u 9.5% annum but
Investing in Mutual fund gives more returns because of the 
Equity and Debt Market returns are very high,  but in 
mutual funds capital is gurantee. If we take little bit 
risk high, the returns are very high.

At present most of the Banks are proving interest @8.5% 
whereas the return from Mutual Funds are increasing if you 
see the last three years trend. Nowadays the policy is if 
you want to gain more take more risk. As per my opinin the 
investor should not put all the eggs in asingle bucket. He 
should invest in Mutual Funds as well as in FDs of Banks. 
This will help him to be comfortable and could earn maximum 
income at minimum risk.

investing in mutual funds is for those people who are 
interested in some what trends of the stock market and are 
not ready to take more risk or not enough knowledgeable, 
and in reality mutual fund units are paying the returns 
quite good compared to the 9.5% returns p.a. and it's safe 
even.... mf units can be graded high with respect to risk 
and return in a capm model.

if you take more risk your return more & vice -versa.
m.f carries more risk as compared to f.d. in a nationalised 
bank .its depend upto you whether you take more risk & more 
return or vice-versa

Investing in Mutual Fund, specially the ones that invest in 
both Debt and Equity lets you diversify your investment and 
also lets you get the benefit of the high returns of the 
capital market which some cases are more than hundred 
percent.Also you get the regular returns from the investent 
in debt securities.


(Note: We should invest more in mutual funds specially now 
as more the FIIs' sell of our own mutual fund companies can 
invest and stabalise our market and make way for sustained 
growth.)

If we invest in Mutual fund, our investment will be invested
in the share market which is high risk.  Out money will also
grow depending up on the share market value.  However if we
invest in the banking sector, there is the fixed intrest it
will be secure.  So the mutual fund is the high risk high
profit.  In the national banking sector low profit low risk.

Because mutual fund are giving more return with little risk 
and and here u have the flexibility to wihdraw ur money 
whenever u want but in banks if u have made fixed deposit u 
are bound to complete he period of fixed deposit. and 
seeing the current scenerio where inflation rate is high 
i.e. 11.5% invesing in bank will eat up your money because 
inflation is even higher than he return so it is more 
profitable to invest in mutual fund and to amke your money 
grow.

Its very simple to understant logic behind investing in MF 
rather than any nationalised bank while putting money in 
bank they are holding our money for one year and giving 
interset rate of 9.5% suppose u r invement amount is Rs. 
10000 u r getting 950 Rs as intrest but we should keep in 
mind that inflation rate is 11.45% means which 11.45% on 
10000Rs i.e. 1145 on u r investment amount its shows that 
actaully u r in loss of 1145-950= 195 Rs i.e. u r not 
earing anything while bank is using u r money for one year 
and they r making profit out of it. 
if we consider MF Higher risk higher return so MF giving 
opportunity of 

Proffessional expertise for fund managemnt 
Risk diveresification 
portfolio managment

see there are many plans in MF(mutual fund) like-1)MIP
(monthly income plan) in this plan company has given some 
amount monthly as a interest.2)locking scheme plan in this 
plan company has given almost double amount whatever amount 
u invest, within 3yrs...

Becuase this save my money and give me a good interest.

see this is totally depends upon on the investor how much
risk he can bear .if investor is low appetite or in sceure
nature then obviously he will go with fds &all that.

marketing invoves introducing the the right product which 
meets the need of target customers. pricing the product 
appropriatly as per the budget flaxiblity of target 
market.then promotion the product through choosing the 
right communication strategy.and then reach the product to 
the customer to buy it.

but sales is efforts to influance the the customerto get 
the product bought.

Marketing is the preparetion of strategy of making the 
sales development, the bottom goes to the market with the 
cocepts and the schemes which was prepared the thorough 
analysis of the market, which they implement in with the 
customers and the result we got in terms of revenue is 
sales.

In my view sales is a part of Marketing..
  Marketing aims at improving brand image awareness about 
product and it's features to drive customers for purchasing 
a particular product.
   where as sales aims at only selling a product and highly 
profit oriented
  you can observe in market some of the companies are good 
at marketing some are good in sales

objective of sale is to Profit through increase  of the sale
while objective of marketing is to profit through customer
satisfaction

selling focuses on the need of the seller. karketing on 
the need of the buyer. selling is preoccupied with the 
seller need to convert his pdt into cash.marketing with the 
ideas of satisfaaction need the customers by means of pdt 
and the whole cluster of the association with the 
creating , delivering and finally consuming it.

MARKETING which is not only selling the product but also
satisfying the needs and wants of the customer with
continuing services.

SELLING : it is only satisfying the need which the customer
want it focus only on needs.(not satisfying the customer
exact nee)i.e converting commodity into cash.

Fundamentally,Marketing is involved in generating potential 
demand while seling involves conversion to brand demand.

Marketing  - Creating/ Modifying product or solution to 
meet the customer's need
Sales - Product/ Solution is prepared based on larger 
statistics sold to the customer by convincing that the 
product/solution is the best available option for him

SALE IS AN ACTIVITY TO EARN LIMITED PROFIT ONLY BUT 
MARKETING MEANS ESTABLISHING BRAND ,CREATING FAVORABLE 
IMAGE AND TO EARN UNLIMITED PROFIT .

Diffrence between Marketing & Sales is similar to that of 
Skies and Clouds...Marketing being the sky...which has a 
wider scope...whereas clouds actuly give you the 
relife...bringing down the much needed rain ( money)

Sales, is a part of Marketing....

Marketing is the ongoing process of planning and 
implimentation...where as Sales is the final act of exection

both complimenting eachother and are equaly important for 
the organisations success....

sales is the tip of marketing iceberg. marketing is about 
understanding the need of consumer and the company position 
to provide that service or the product, offerings timing 
and sale s is to persuade the customer to buy that service 
or the product

Marketing: It is basically customer oriented. its includes 
the four P's, Product,price,place,promotion and one S i.e. 
Service. It is a process analyising the need of the 
customer.

Sale: It is physical distribution of the product for 
exchange of some value or for a product. Selling starts 
from product and ends on delivering it to the customer for 
some price.

Marketing is creating a demand and sales is fulfilling 
those demand.

MARKETING IS SOMTHING TO LET THE PEOPLE KNOW ABOUT YOUR
PRODUCT WITH AN OBJECTIVE OR GOALS TO PLACE YOUR PRODUCT
IN THE HEART OF THE CUSTOMER.

WHEREAS SALES HAVE AN EYE ON  REQUIRED SUPPLY OF PRODUCT 
THAT HAS BEEN DEMANDING BY CUSTOMER.

in simple words:
Marketing is pull
Selling is Push

Marketing is face
Selling is back

Marketing is awareness
Selling is profits

Marketing is brand
Selling is revenue

( b ) Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries

debt means an amount borrowed by the company and need to be 
repaid. equity investments are brought in by the investors 
who like to share the ownership.

debt and equity bith are types of borrowings that companies 
make from general public. 
Debt holders are like money lenders, companies are obliged 
to pay back the money to debt holders even if its making 
loses. They are the first ones who are paid back money even 
before equity holders.
Equity holders on the other hand are the owners of a 
company. They dont just share profits but also loses that a 
company make.

debt is the money which company has a obligation to pay in 
any condition.they get predecided interest not profit
equity holder is the owner of company .

Debt is a loan borrowed by a company from financial 
institutions like banks  and money lenders , etc. They are 
provided interest as the remuneration and they are the 
creditors of the company.
Whereas equity is collected from general public or 
institution through the issue of shares.They get 
remuneration in the name of dividends. The holders of 
shares are the owners of the company and they take part in 
it's affairs.

debt means the company must pay the intrest,and it is the 
repayable ammount,when the company pay the dividend the 
company first prefer to the debenture hoders.
but the equity ammount does not pay,the compny only pay the 
dividends,butnot pay any intrest the dividend ammount is 
mainl depending on profits of the company.